Unit 1 Notes 3: Importance of Carbon

organic chemistry

the study of compounds containing carbon

Who proved that organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic compounds?

Stanley Miller

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a ____

tetrahedral shape

when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond

the molecule has a flat shape

The electron configuration of carbon give it ____ with many different elements

covalent compatibility

Carbon chains form the _____ of most organic molecules

skeletons

Hydrocarbons are

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

structural isomers

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

geometric isomers

have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Enantiomers are important in the

pharmaceutical industry

Two enantiomers of a drug may have _______ effects

different

differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are

sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules

Thalidomide

A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on

carbon skeleton and the molecular components attached to it

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its ____

unique properties

The seven functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

Hydroxyl

-OH (alcohol)

Carbonyl (ketone)

C=O in the middle

Carbonyl (aldehyde)

C=O at end of molecule

Carboxyl

COOH

Amino

NH2

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Phosphate

-OPO3^2-

Methyl

CH3

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

ATP reacts with with water to remove one phosphate molecule leaving ____ and ____

ADP (adenosine diphosphate), energy