Exam 1

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Receptors

monitor and detect body conditions

Effectors

do some action to adjust body condition (Muscles and/or glands)

Integration/control center-

Decision Maker

Negative feedback-

the effect or correction reduces or reverses the stimulus from the receptor/control center and the action of the effector (turns off the stimulus)

Positive feedback-

Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions.-not very common - the effect continually increases or intensifies requires control external to loop (outside influence has to stop it)

Metabolism-

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy and nutrient cycling

What is "The basic unit of structure and function" in the human body?

The Cell - smallest unit of structure and function

List the following from least organized/complex to most organized/complex Tissue, Organ system, Organ, Cell, Organism

cells - tissue - organs - organ systems - organisms

Regulates body activities through hormones

Endocrine

Body movement, posture, and heat production

Muscular

Breaks down and absorbs food

Digestive System

Protects body, detects sensations, and helps regulate body temperature

Integumentary

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide throughout the body

Cardiovascular/Circulatory

Supports and protects body

Skeletal

Eliminates wastes and regulates chemical composition of blood

Urinary

Transfers oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air

Respiratory

Regulates body activities through receptors and effectors

Nervous

In charge of immunity and returning body fluids to blood

Lymphatic

Describe "Anatomical Position"

Body posture with the body erect, face forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

Brain

cranial cavity

uterus

Pelvic Cavity

gall bladder

Abdominal Cavity

Liver

Abdominal Cavity

colon

Abdominal Cavity

heart

Thoracic Cavity

Lungs

Thoracic Cavity

small intestines

Abdominal Cavity

trachea

Thoracic Cavity

Stomach

Abdominal Cavity

urinary bladder

Pelvic Cavity

spleen

Abdominal cavity

Pancreas

Abdominal Cavity

esophagus

Thoracic Cavity

kidneys

Abdominal cavity

Sagittal

divides from side to side, or left and right

Midsagittal

divides evenly in half

Transverse (horizontal)

divides top and bottom, or superior and inferior

Coronal (frontal)

divides front and back, or anterior and posterior

Oblique

divides at an angle

superior/inferior

The Heart is Superior to the stomach/ The stomach is inferior to the heart

anterior/posterior

the ribs are anterior to the heart/ the heart is posterior to the ribs

ventral/dorsal

the nose is ventral to the butt/ The butt is dorsal to the nose

medial/lateral

The heart is Medial to the Lungs/ the lungs are lateral to the heart

proximal/distal

The wrists are distal to the elbow/ The elbow is proximal to the wrist

superficial/deep

The skin is superficial to the liver/ The liver is deep to the skin

What are the three main parts of an atom

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

How is the atomic number of an atom determined

By the number of protons

How is the atomic weight of an atom determined

By the number of protons and neutrons

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom

is due to interaction of electrons -when combining atoms: (molecules & compounds) gain e- lose e- share e-

Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #1 Ionic bond

exchange e- (lose or gain) Electrolytes, salts Usually medium to strong bond

Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #2 Covalent bond

share e- Single, double, triple, polar, nonpolar Usually very strong bond

Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #3 Hydrogen bond

attraction of H atom to a nearby O or N atom Water, DNA, Proteins Usually very weak bond

Strongest Bond

Covalent

Weakest Bond

Hydrogen

What does a synthesis reaction do

put together, build, requires energy A + B -->AB

What does a decomposition reaction do

take apart, break down, releases energy AB -->A + B

What is anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

What is catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

What do enzymes do in a reaction

Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions

What are enzymes usually made of

made of strings of amino acids chemically bonded to one another

What elements are carbohydrates made of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

What are the three main monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, or galactose

What is a disaccharide

a molecule composed of two bonded simple sugar units.

What is a polysaccharide

Carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides.

In what form do humans store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle

Glycogen

What elements are proteins made of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. (amino Acids)

What are the characteristics (parts) of amino acids, and how are they constructed

Amino acid molecules have an amino group (—NH2) at one end and a carboxyl group (—COOH) at the other end. Between these groups is a single carbon atom known as the central carbon. This central carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom and to another group of atoms called a side chain or R group. The R group distinguishes the types if amino acids.

How do amino acids link (bond) together

Connected by peptide bonds they link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another

What is the bond called

Covalent Bond/ Peptide Bond

What is a peptide

Peptides are short strings of amino acids, typically comprising 2-50 amino acids.

How do amino acids form proteins

A series of peptide bonds /Many amino acids connected in this way constitute a polypeptide. Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain

What substance are in the lipid category

• Fats, Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies, Phospholipids, Steroids.

What is the main form of fat we use for fuel

Triglycerides

What elements are fatty acids made of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sometimes Phosphorus)

How are triglycerides constructed

glycerol + three fatty acid chains

What does hydrophobic mean

do not dissolve in water and are called ("fearing" water).

What hydrophilic mean

water soluble ("liking" water)

What are phospholipids

Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule

What very important structure of the cell is made of phospholipids

Plasma membrane

What are the main parts of a nucleic acid

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus which form building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group, and one of five nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

What important substances/structures are made of nucleic acids

Nucleotides, DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA(ribonucleic acid), ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

What is the difference in the nucleotides between RNA and DNA...RNA

(ribonucleic acid) is composed of nucleotides that have ribose sugar and RNA molecules are single-stranded polynucleotide chains,

What is the difference in the nucleotides between RNA and DNA...DNA

has deoxyribose sugar. DNA is a double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helix

What are the bases for DNA

bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

How does DNA link/bond together in a single chain

nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.

How does DNA link/bond together in a double helix

Hydrogen bonds hold the two chains together. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T). Cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G).

What are the bases for RNA

bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

How does RNA link/bond together in a single chain

ribose nucleotide bases are chemically attached to one another in a chain via chemical bonds called phosphodiester bonds

How does RNA interact with DNA bases

they can fold into shapes that enable them to interact with DNA

Determine The Category: Fatty Acids

Lipid

Determine The Category: Triglycerides

Lipid

Determine The Category: Enzymes

Protein

Determine The Category: RNA

Nucleic Acid

Determine The Category: Glucose

Carbohydrate

Determine The Category: Steroids

Lipid

Determine The Category: Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate

Determine The Category: DNA

Nucleic Acid

Determine The Category: Sugar

Carbohydrate

Determine The Category: Amino Acid

Protein