Studied by 5 peopleHomeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Receptors
monitor and detect body conditions
Effectors
do some action to adjust body condition (Muscles and/or glands)
Integration/control center-
Decision Maker
Negative feedback-
the effect or correction reduces or reverses the stimulus from the receptor/control center and the action of the effector (turns off the stimulus)
Positive feedback-
Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions.-not very common - the effect continually increases or intensifies requires control external to loop (outside influence has to stop it)
Metabolism-
The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy and nutrient cycling
What is "The basic unit of structure and function" in the human body?
The Cell - smallest unit of structure and function
List the following from least organized/complex to most organized/complex Tissue, Organ system, Organ, Cell, Organism
cells - tissue - organs - organ systems - organisms
Regulates body activities through hormones
Endocrine
Body movement, posture, and heat production
Muscular
Breaks down and absorbs food
Digestive System
Protects body, detects sensations, and helps regulate body temperature
Integumentary
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide throughout the body
Cardiovascular/Circulatory
Supports and protects body
Skeletal
Eliminates wastes and regulates chemical composition of blood
Urinary
Transfers oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air
Respiratory
Regulates body activities through receptors and effectors
Nervous
In charge of immunity and returning body fluids to blood
Lymphatic
Describe "Anatomical Position"
Body posture with the body erect, face forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.
Brain
cranial cavity
uterus
Pelvic Cavity
gall bladder
Abdominal Cavity
Liver
Abdominal Cavity
colon
Abdominal Cavity
heart
Thoracic Cavity
Lungs
Thoracic Cavity
small intestines
Abdominal Cavity
trachea
Thoracic Cavity
Stomach
Abdominal Cavity
urinary bladder
Pelvic Cavity
spleen
Abdominal cavity
Pancreas
Abdominal Cavity
esophagus
Thoracic Cavity
kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Sagittal
divides from side to side, or left and right
Midsagittal
divides evenly in half
Transverse (horizontal)
divides top and bottom, or superior and inferior
Coronal (frontal)
divides front and back, or anterior and posterior
Oblique
divides at an angle
superior/inferior
The Heart is Superior to the stomach/ The stomach is inferior to the heart
anterior/posterior
the ribs are anterior to the heart/ the heart is posterior to the ribs
ventral/dorsal
the nose is ventral to the butt/ The butt is dorsal to the nose
medial/lateral
The heart is Medial to the Lungs/ the lungs are lateral to the heart
proximal/distal
The wrists are distal to the elbow/ The elbow is proximal to the wrist
superficial/deep
The skin is superficial to the liver/ The liver is deep to the skin
What are the three main parts of an atom
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
How is the atomic number of an atom determined
By the number of protons
How is the atomic weight of an atom determined
By the number of protons and neutrons
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom
is due to interaction of electrons -when combining atoms: (molecules & compounds) gain e- lose e- share e-
Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #1 Ionic bond
exchange e- (lose or gain) Electrolytes, salts Usually medium to strong bond
Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #2 Covalent bond
share e- Single, double, triple, polar, nonpolar Usually very strong bond
Describe the three main kinds of bonds between atoms #3 Hydrogen bond
attraction of H atom to a nearby O or N atom Water, DNA, Proteins Usually very weak bond
Strongest Bond
Covalent
Weakest Bond
Hydrogen
What does a synthesis reaction do
put together, build, requires energy A + B -->AB
What does a decomposition reaction do
take apart, break down, releases energy AB -->A + B
What is anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
What is catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
What do enzymes do in a reaction
Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions
What are enzymes usually made of
made of strings of amino acids chemically bonded to one another
What elements are carbohydrates made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
What are the three main monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, or galactose
What is a disaccharide
a molecule composed of two bonded simple sugar units.
What is a polysaccharide
Carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides.
In what form do humans store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle
Glycogen
What elements are proteins made of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. (amino Acids)
What are the characteristics (parts) of amino acids, and how are they constructed
Amino acid molecules have an amino group (—NH2) at one end and a carboxyl group (—COOH) at the other end. Between these groups is a single carbon atom known as the central carbon. This central carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom and to another group of atoms called a side chain or R group. The R group distinguishes the types if amino acids.
How do amino acids link (bond) together
Connected by peptide bonds they link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another
What is the bond called
Covalent Bond/ Peptide Bond
What is a peptide
Peptides are short strings of amino acids, typically comprising 2-50 amino acids.
How do amino acids form proteins
A series of peptide bonds /Many amino acids connected in this way constitute a polypeptide. Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain
What substance are in the lipid category
Fats, Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies, Phospholipids, Steroids.
What is the main form of fat we use for fuel
Triglycerides
What elements are fatty acids made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sometimes Phosphorus)
How are triglycerides constructed
glycerol + three fatty acid chains
What does hydrophobic mean
do not dissolve in water and are called ("fearing" water).
What hydrophilic mean
water soluble ("liking" water)
What are phospholipids
Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule
What very important structure of the cell is made of phospholipids
Plasma membrane
What are the main parts of a nucleic acid
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus which form building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group, and one of five nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
What important substances/structures are made of nucleic acids
Nucleotides, DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA(ribonucleic acid), ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
What is the difference in the nucleotides between RNA and DNA...RNA
(ribonucleic acid) is composed of nucleotides that have ribose sugar and RNA molecules are single-stranded polynucleotide chains,
What is the difference in the nucleotides between RNA and DNA...DNA
has deoxyribose sugar. DNA is a double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helix
What are the bases for DNA
bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
How does DNA link/bond together in a single chain
nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.
How does DNA link/bond together in a double helix
Hydrogen bonds hold the two chains together. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T). Cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G).
What are the bases for RNA
bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
How does RNA link/bond together in a single chain
ribose nucleotide bases are chemically attached to one another in a chain via chemical bonds called phosphodiester bonds
How does RNA interact with DNA bases
they can fold into shapes that enable them to interact with DNA
Determine The Category: Fatty Acids
Lipid
Determine The Category: Triglycerides
Lipid
Determine The Category: Enzymes
Protein
Determine The Category: RNA
Nucleic Acid
Determine The Category: Glucose
Carbohydrate
Determine The Category: Steroids
Lipid
Determine The Category: Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate
Determine The Category: DNA
Nucleic Acid
Determine The Category: Sugar
Carbohydrate
Determine The Category: Amino Acid
Protein
Note 
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