AP Psych Unit 7: Cognition

What are the three steps of the memory process?

encoding/recording, storage, retrieval

What are the types of encoding?

automatic/parallel processing and effortful

What is the self-reference effect?

encoding what we are interested in and what we can relate to ourselves

What are the three stages of memory?

sensory, short-term, long-term

elaborative rehearsal

make meaningful associations between new and old information

What are the types of long term memory?

explicit (declarative- episodic, semantic) and implicit (procedural- skills, habits)

What is the relationship between emotions and memories?

strong emotions tend to yield stronger and more reliable memories; prolonged stress can decrease encoding and retrieval

What is the serial position effect?

you are more likely to recall the beginning (primacy effect) or the end (recency effect) but not the middle

What is anterograde amnesia?

inability to form new memories

What is retrograde amnesia?

inability to remember previous memories

What is proactive interference?

old information blocks new information

What is retroactive inteference?

new information blocks old information

What is the misinformation effect?

incorporating misleading or wrong information into one’s memory

What is imagination inflation?

imagining an action or event and then believing it actually took place

What is the difference between concepts and prototypes?

groups of similar objects, events, ideas, and people vs a mental image or best example of a concept

What are the five components of creativity

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personallity, intrinsic, creative environment

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What is a representativeness heuristic?

judging a situation based on how similar it is to the prototypes a person holds in their mind (ex. stereotypical thinking)

What is an availability heuristic?

used to judge frequency and the probability of events by the ease in which instances could be brought to mind

What are the two types of fixation?

mental set and functional fixedness

What are the four rules of language?

phonemes, morphemes, syntax/grammar, semantics

What is the social learning theory?

babies and children may imitate a parent and continue using words when they are reinforced

What is Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition?

all languages have common elements (universal grammar) and humans are born with a predisposition to learn grammar rules

What is the linguistic determinism/linguistic relativity theory?

language determines the way we think

What is distributed practice?

learning strategy where practice is broken up into shorter sessions over a longer period of time

What is prospective memory?

remembering to perform a planned action

What is reconsolidation?

when replaying old memories, one alters them slightly before storing them again

What is linguistic influence?

the influence that knowledge of one language has on learning another language

What is working memory?

conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

What is shallow processing?

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

What is priming?

the conscious or unconscious of certain associations that predispose one’s perception, memory, or response

What is memory reconsolidation?

the neural storage of a long term memory

What is the encoding specificity principle?

cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall it

What is deep processing?

semantic encoding based on meaning

What is the difference between heuristics and algorithms?

mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly vs step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem