Studied by 48 people
reigned from 1336-1646
two brothers from the delhi sultanate (run by muslims) had converted to islam for social mobility and they left, converting back to hinduism and creating their own empire
rajput kingdoms after the gupta empire (no centralized government)
8th century an Islamic army invaded pakistan, 11th century Islamic armies destroyed religious temples and built mosques on top
13th century delhi sultanate arrived reigning for 300 years (imposed the jizya tax and local kingdoms still had power)
caste system was still intact (sub castes were created such as worker's guilds)
southeast asian women mostly had independence before islam
12th century southern india hindus wanted to create attachments to deities
they didn't discriminate against women or lower classes (similar to sufi muslims)
srivijaya empire (670-1025) : hindu, based in sumatra, built navy ships and charged fees
majapahit kingdom (1293-1520) : buddhist, also controlled sea routes
sinhala: based in sri lanka, merchants from india set up buddhist monasteries, advisors to monarchs, irrigation systems
khmer (802-1431): near the mekong river, irrigation lead to economic growth, rice was harvested 7 times a year, in 1431 the sukgothai kingdom invaded
capital was tenochtitlan in 1325
floating gardens called chinampas
tribute system, city-states grouped into provinces
pochteca were merchants who sold luxury goods
lack of wheeled vehicles and pack animals
4 provinces in peru
mit'a system where men had mandatory public service
god inti
had mathematics and recorded through the quipu system
built roads, carpa nan stretched 25,000 miles
zanji = enslaved east africans who worked on sugar plantations in mesopotamia
rebellion between 869 and 883 where 15,000 slaves held basra
german king otto crowned in 962
lay investiture controversy in 11th and 12th century, resolved with the concordat of worms in 1122
william the conqueror invaded england in 1066, ruling with a feudal system
1215: king john signed the magna carta which required the king to respect rights
1265: first english parliament formed
sought to reclaim the holy land
primogeniture: where the eldest son inherited everything, left younger sons with nothing to do and a military campaign was a way to divert
the crusades were from 1095-1200s
the first crusade was a win for the christians in 1099, but muslims regain jerusalem in 1187
marco polo visited beijing in the late 13th century, curiosity about other countries grew and with that so did cartography
middle class began to grow
larger cities and population growth
black death in the 14th century
the roman catholic church has a policy where christians couldn't charge loans on other christians, and jews became moneylenders, jews lived in urban areas and served as a bridge between Christians and Muslims
women in Islamic societies had higher levels of equality
printing press → manuscripts being mass-produced
humanism, the focus on individuals rather than God
unity regained under sui dynasty (589-618)
1,200 miles of canal which linked china from the northern and southern parts
the sui's emperors campaigns to conquer korea used up resources and caused a revolution to overthrow the sui dynasty
The tang (618-907) and song (960-1279) dynasties followed after
the song dynasty promoted education and neo- confucianism became popular because it was combining the beliefs of buddhism, daoism and confucianism
personnel, finance, rites, army, justice and public works accompanied by the Censorate, who surveilled the rest of the government
printed books for the first time in history
schools and colleges became important to upper-class life
11th century government was producing 32,000 suits of armor and 16 million arrowheads per year
in addition to things like tools, bells and coins
world's first printed books 1000 cheap books on things like agriculture, math, religions and medicine became widely available
invention of gunpowder
chinese conquered northern korea during the han dynasty
silla kingdom allied with the Tang dynasty to bring unity to the korean peninsula 688 they withdrew their military and established a tributary relationship with korea
Confucian beliefs that were being established in Korea, women's rights dwindled
1400s hangul was created, the written Korean language
adopted confucianism, daoism, buddhism, government style and literacy/artistic style
part of vietnam, the red river valley was incorporated in china during 111 BCE - 939 CE and officials made the people assimilate to chinese culture
developed chu nom script
Shotoku Taishi (572-622) wanted to incorporate more of Chinese culture into Japan
decentralized government
women didn't have as many restrictions because
women could inherit property, divorce, no foot binding
during twelfth century women's rights declined
processing of cotton and sugar from India
around 1000 champa rice was introduced
printing had a Buddhist connection because there was religious merit in spreading the sacred texts
in the Tang dynasty, there was a lot of Indian Ocean trade
buddhism came from india, via the silk road
first resisted because it clashed so much with buddhist beliefs but it was accepted after the fall of the han dynasty (200 CE)
after the reunification of china, under the sui and tang there was encouragement of buddhism
in 845, 260,000 monks + nuns were forced to pay taxes and monasteries and temples were destroyed buddhists were scattered after this
muhammad Ibn abdullah (570-632 CE) was born into a quraysh family in mecca, he became a merchant
the revelations began in 610 and continued for 22 years, it was recorded in the quran
the shahadah: the belief that allah is the only god
salah: praying 5 times a day
zakat: making an annual donation to the poor
sawm: fasting during ramadan
hajj: pilgrimage to makkah
sometimes a 6th: jihad, which means to struggle
encompassed all or part of the egyptian, roman/byzantine, persian, mesopotamian and indian civilizations
after muhammad's death it was a common goal to spread the religion
after muhammad's death, people were confused about who would lead
the "rightly guided caliphs" (632-661) was the cause of division after 2/4 were assassinated
the sunni muslims focused on following the prophet's example where the shi'a muslims wanted to focus on muhammad's lineage such as imams
the turks carried islam to india
at first (around 1000) takeover were violent, destroying any other temples
but with the establishment of the sultanate of delhi in 1206, turkic rule was more systematic
sufi missionaries spread Islam to lower classes but it didn't catch on because of the cultural divide between religions
mby 1500 the population was 90% muslim and mostly turkic-speaking
non-converts were discriminated against
sufis created hospices and schools
turkic traditions were more gender-equal
introduced by trade, converting was peaceful and voluntary
islam provided monarch with religious legitimacy
education boomed
lower classes in rural areas didn't adopt it until later on, rulers were religiously tolerant
muslims, christians + jews produced high culture
christians welcomed arabic + muslim traditions
under the rule of abu amir al-mansur (981-1002) tolerance for christian dwindled
after 1200, muslims were forced out of spain, and in 1492 so were the jews
connected china, india, and the middle east, traded goods and helped to spread culture
in 7/8th centuries it was supported by the byzantine empire, the abbasids and the tang dynasty
in the 13/14th centuries mongol empire had encompassed almost all of the routes
buddhism was used as religious legitimacy
became a major center for buddhism and taught monks and students
the camel was very important
long distance trade like going across the saharan desert provided incentive and resources for new political structures
an active network of exchange was in cahokia from ~900-1250 where the missouri, mississippi and Illinois rivers meet
copper bells and cacao beans from mesoamerica
clans values: individual achievement and equality
women could initiate divorce and remarrying had no negative connotations
political unity was hard to achieve because groups were so independent, armies so couldn't be formed because of the lack of wealth
horses = centrality of pastoral society
unity through rituals
outsiders could become masai by bringing cattle and engaging in the age-set
farm societies adopted some masai culture such as hairstyles but most importantly, military organization
social structure of military units - 10, 100, 1,000, 10,0000
loyalty was important in military forces
military effectiveness because of the brutality and destructiveness
census system and relay stations
fostered commerce by offering 10% more than other customers
supported different religions as long as they didn't become political opposition
unified china, believed the mongols had been granted mandate of heaven
mongols used chinese taxation, postal systems and administrative processes
chinese dynastic title was yuan, signaling a new beginning
khubilai khan = benevolent ruler
the mongols ignored the traditional examination system and relied on foreigners like muslims
mongol law discriminated against the chinese
first invasion by chinggis khan in 1219-1221, second in 1251-1258 by hulegu, who became the first il-khan
1258 end of abbasid caliphate massacre of 200,000+
peasants lost their land due to harsh taxes
ghazan (1295-1304) repaired cities and irrigation systems
mongols converted to islam and learned persian
invaded between 1237 and 1240
the skilled people that survived were sold to other mongol lands
they continued their nomadic way of life while still near russian cities, they exploited and dominated from the steppes
under the harsh taxes, the russian orthodox church thrived
moscow was the collector of tribute for the mongols
started in central asian trade routes in 1331
spread to europe in 1347
mongols used catapults to throw corpses at the genoese
half of the european population died in the initial outbreak
labor shortages led to better wages for peasants but nobles resisted
last imperial dynasty of China
preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic
founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912
expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644
last of China's imperial dynasties
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
often had difficulties managing such a large, diverse empire
Islamic State of Turkic speaking peoples lasting from 1453-1922; conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
an Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 16th century
eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal
'Selection' in Turkish
the system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units)
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility
late 17th-early 18th century (became his primary residence around 1670)
beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles
tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire to generate money for territorial expansion
the government hired private individuals to collect taxes
religious movement begun by German monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Catholic Church beginning in 1519
split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches (among many others)
arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517
ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication and the Protestant Reformation
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Flashcard (106)