Studied by 39 peoplegupta dynasty
united south asia through hinduism but fell in 550
chola dynasty
reigned through 850-1267 in northern india, extended their rule to sri lanka
vijayanagara empire
reigned from 1336-1646
two brothers from the delhi sultanate (run by muslims) had converted to islam for social mobility and they left, converting back to hinduism and creating their own empire
political structures in northern india
rajput kingdoms after the gupta empire (no centralized government)
8th century an Islamic army invaded pakistan, 11th century Islamic armies destroyed religious temples and built mosques on top
13th century delhi sultanate arrived reigning for 300 years (imposed the jizya tax and local kingdoms still had power)
proselytize
actively seeking more converts to a religion
social structures in south and southeast asia
caste system was still intact (sub castes were created such as worker's guilds)
southeast asian women mostly had independence before islam
house of wisdom (in baghdad)
algebra and geometry, translations of literature translated into arabic
bhakti movement
12th century southern india hindus wanted to create attachments to deities
they didn't discriminate against women or lower classes (similar to sufi muslims)
sea based kingdoms in south and southeast asia
srivijaya empire (670-1025) : hindu, based in sumatra, built navy ships and charged fees
majapahit kingdom (1293-1520) : buddhist, also controlled sea routes
land based kingdoms in south and southeast asia
sinhala: based in sri lanka, merchants from india set up buddhist monasteries, advisors to monarchs, irrigation systems
khmer (802-1431): near the mekong river, irrigation lead to economic growth, rice was harvested 7 times a year, in 1431 the sukgothai kingdom invaded
islam and the sufis
first to convert were merchants, islam was very popular in urban areas, sufis did missionary work and people from other religions could convert and still believe in their deities
cahokia
in illinois, the civilization revolved around large earth mounds
government and society in the americas
class system, chief called great sun ruled over a large town, women farmed and men hunted, matrilineal society
mayan government
most rulers were men, they didn't fight for territory, they fought for tribute, human sacrifices, common people payed taxes
religion, science and tech in the americas
concept of 0, writing system, rubber, calendar was very important, priests could be male or female
the aztecs
capital was tenochtitlan in 1325
floating gardens called chinampas
tribute system, city-states grouped into provinces
pochteca were merchants who sold luxury goods
lack of wheeled vehicles and pack animals
the inca
4 provinces in peru
mit'a system where men had mandatory public service
god inti
had mathematics and recorded through the quipu system
built roads, carpa nan stretched 25,000 miles
inland africa
kin based networks, the hausa kingdoms where each of the 7th states had a specialty
east and west africa
\n increased trade which led to wealth, political power and cultural diversity, animism and christianity were being practiced when islam arrived
ghana
kingdom founded 5th century, golden age was 8th-11th century, rulers traded with muslim merchants, centralized gov
mali
muslim founder, thriving gold trade, tied into indian ocean trade
zimbabwe
gold trade, bantu+arabic=swahili, the great zimbabwe was a big stone wall surrounding the capital
ethiopia
religiously diverse, 12th century led by christians
zanji and the zanji rebellion
zanji = enslaved east africans who worked on sugar plantations in mesopotamia
rebellion between 869 and 883 where 15,000 slaves held basra
griots and griottes
sub-saharan african storytellers who also consoled on political matters, griottes provided empowerment for women
feudalism
the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection
the holy roman empire
german king otto crowned in 962
lay investiture controversy in 11th and 12th century, resolved with the concordat of worms in 1122
norman kingdom
william the conqueror invaded england in 1066, ruling with a feudal system
1215: king john signed the magna carta which required the king to respect rights
1265: first english parliament formed
the great schism
1054, the christian church in europe split
christian crusades
sought to reclaim the holy land
primogeniture: where the eldest son inherited everything, left younger sons with nothing to do and a military campaign was a way to divert
the crusades were from 1095-1200s
the first crusade was a win for the christians in 1099, but muslims regain jerusalem in 1187
economic and social change in afro-eurasia
marco polo visited beijing in the late 13th century, curiosity about other countries grew and with that so did cartography
middle class began to grow
larger cities and population growth
black death in the 14th century
the roman catholic church has a policy where christians couldn't charge loans on other christians, and jews became moneylenders, jews lived in urban areas and served as a bridge between Christians and Muslims
women in Islamic societies had higher levels of equality
the renaissance
printing press → manuscripts being mass-produced
humanism, the focus on individuals rather than God
han dynasty
(202 BCE-220 CE), the next 3 centuries were full of unstable government and aristocratic families rose to power
the "golden age" of chinese achievement
unity regained under sui dynasty (589-618)
1,200 miles of canal which linked china from the northern and southern parts
the sui's emperors campaigns to conquer korea used up resources and caused a revolution to overthrow the sui dynasty
The tang (618-907) and song (960-1279) dynasties followed after
the song dynasty promoted education and neo- confucianism became popular because it was combining the beliefs of buddhism, daoism and confucianism
tang and song government structure
personnel, finance, rites, army, justice and public works accompanied by the Censorate, who surveilled the rest of the government
printed books for the first time in history
schools and colleges became important to upper-class life
champa rice
tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase because it was fast ripening and drought-resistant
china's industrial production
11th century government was producing 32,000 suits of armor and 16 million arrowheads per year
in addition to things like tools, bells and coins
world's first printed books 1000 cheap books on things like agriculture, math, religions and medicine became widely available
invention of gunpowder
women's role in the song dynasty society
confucianism = patriarchal beliefs, foot-binding was popular, as women's roles in the textile industry dwindled, women in cities worked as maids, cooks, dressmakers and operated restaurants
china and the northern nomads
the great wall was built to keep the nomads out, the tribute system was for non-chinese authorities to acknowledge and appreciate chinese culture
xiongnu
early nomadic confederacy that confronted china's empire, they persuaded the chinese emperor to negotiate an arrangement that recognized them as a political equal
korea and china
chinese conquered northern korea during the han dynasty
silla kingdom allied with the Tang dynasty to bring unity to the korean peninsula 688 they withdrew their military and established a tributary relationship with korea
Confucian beliefs that were being established in Korea, women's rights dwindled
1400s hangul was created, the written Korean language
vietnam and china
adopted confucianism, daoism, buddhism, government style and literacy/artistic style
part of vietnam, the red river valley was incorporated in china during 111 BCE - 939 CE and officials made the people assimilate to chinese culture
developed chu nom script
japan and china
Shotoku Taishi (572-622) wanted to incorporate more of Chinese culture into Japan
decentralized government
women didn't have as many restrictions because
women could inherit property, divorce, no foot binding
during twelfth century women's rights declined
china's economics
processing of cotton and sugar from India
around 1000 champa rice was introduced
printing had a Buddhist connection because there was religious merit in spreading the sacred texts
in the Tang dynasty, there was a lot of Indian Ocean trade
china and buddhism
buddhism came from india, via the silk road
first resisted because it clashed so much with buddhist beliefs but it was accepted after the fall of the han dynasty (200 CE)
after the reunification of china, under the sui and tang there was encouragement of buddhism
in 845, 260,000 monks + nuns were forced to pay taxes and monasteries and temples were destroyed buddhists were scattered after this
islam origin
muhammad Ibn abdullah (570-632 CE) was born into a quraysh family in mecca, he became a merchant
the revelations began in 610 and continued for 22 years, it was recorded in the quran
the message of the quran
submission to allah was the primary duty, the quran preached solidarity, equality and concern for the poor
the five pillars
the shahadah: the belief that allah is the only god
salah: praying 5 times a day
zakat: making an annual donation to the poor
sawm: fasting during ramadan
hajj: pilgrimage to makkah
sometimes a 6th: jihad, which means to struggle
sharia
a law that regulated every aspect of islamic life
forming an arab empire
encompassed all or part of the egyptian, roman/byzantine, persian, mesopotamian and indian civilizations
after muhammad's death it was a common goal to spread the religion
dhimmis
what the jews, christians, and zoroastrians were called because they were protected by the quran
division after muhammad's death
after muhammad's death, people were confused about who would lead
the "rightly guided caliphs" (632-661) was the cause of division after 2/4 were assassinated
the sunni muslims focused on following the prophet's example where the shi'a muslims wanted to focus on muhammad's lineage such as imams
umayyad family
(661-750), caliphs became hereditary rulers
the abbasid dynasty
persian culture spread, mid-ninth century local governors had autonomy over their regions but most power was consolidated in the capital, mongol conquest in 1258 put an end to this empire
women in the quran
the quran was very clear about women and men being equal but when it came to marriage, women were viewed as inferior
islam in india
the turks carried islam to india
at first (around 1000) takeover were violent, destroying any other temples
but with the establishment of the sultanate of delhi in 1206, turkic rule was more systematic
sufi missionaries spread Islam to lower classes but it didn't catch on because of the cultural divide between religions
anatolia
mby 1500 the population was 90% muslim and mostly turkic-speaking
non-converts were discriminated against
sufis created hospices and schools
turkic traditions were more gender-equal
west africa
introduced by trade, converting was peaceful and voluntary
islam provided monarch with religious legitimacy
education boomed
lower classes in rural areas didn't adopt it until later on, rulers were religiously tolerant
spain
muslims, christians + jews produced high culture
christians welcomed arabic + muslim traditions
under the rule of abu amir al-mansur (981-1002) tolerance for christian dwindled
after 1200, muslims were forced out of spain, and in 1492 so were the jews
sufis
they emphasized personal experience over islamic law, blended islam
silk road
connected china, india, and the middle east, traded goods and helped to spread culture
in 7/8th centuries it was supported by the byzantine empire, the abbasids and the tang dynasty
in the 13/14th centuries mongol empire had encompassed almost all of the routes
ships and indian ocean trade
the innovation of ships led to more bulk goods
chinese inventions
larger ships, silk, compass, gunpowder
southeast asia and srivijaya
buddhism was used as religious legitimacy
became a major center for buddhism and taught monks and students
trans-saharan trade
the camel was very important
long distance trade like going across the saharan desert provided incentive and resources for new political structures
trade in the americas
an active network of exchange was in cahokia from ~900-1250 where the missouri, mississippi and Illinois rivers meet
copper bells and cacao beans from mesoamerica
pastoral societies
clans values: individual achievement and equality
women could initiate divorce and remarrying had no negative connotations
political unity was hard to achieve because groups were so independent, armies so couldn't be formed because of the lack of wealth
horses = centrality of pastoral society
chinggis (genghis) khan
born with the name temujin; gains power in tribe after his father's death; becomes powerful in the Mongol society and gains title of genghis khan in 1206
the xiongnu
masters in mounted warfare, lived in the mongolian steppes of china
the masai of east africa
unity through rituals
outsiders could become masai by bringing cattle and engaging in the age-set
farm societies adopted some masai culture such as hairstyles but most importantly, military organization
mongol empire timeline
1206 - temujin became chinggis khan leader of the great mongol nation \n 1209 - first major attack on agricultural societies nearby \n 1242 - mongols withdraw from eastern europe \n 1260 - defeat at ain jalut by egyptian forces \n 1274, 1281 - failure to invade japan because of typhoons
mongol military
social structure of military units - 10, 100, 1,000, 10,0000
loyalty was important in military forces
military effectiveness because of the brutality and destructiveness
what made the mongols unique
census system and relay stations
fostered commerce by offering 10% more than other customers
supported different religions as long as they didn't become political opposition
china and the mongols
unified china, believed the mongols had been granted mandate of heaven
mongols used chinese taxation, postal systems and administrative processes
chinese dynastic title was yuan, signaling a new beginning
khubilai khan = benevolent ruler
the mongols ignored the traditional examination system and relied on foreigners like muslims
mongol law discriminated against the chinese
persia and the mongols
first invasion by chinggis khan in 1219-1221, second in 1251-1258 by hulegu, who became the first il-khan
1258 end of abbasid caliphate massacre of 200,000+
peasants lost their land due to harsh taxes
ghazan (1295-1304) repaired cities and irrigation systems
mongols converted to islam and learned persian
russia and the mongols
invaded between 1237 and 1240
the skilled people that survived were sold to other mongol lands
they continued their nomadic way of life while still near russian cities, they exploited and dominated from the steppes
under the harsh taxes, the russian orthodox church thrived
moscow was the collector of tribute for the mongols
the black death
started in central asian trade routes in 1331
spread to europe in 1347
mongols used catapults to throw corpses at the genoese
half of the european population died in the initial outbreak
labor shortages led to better wages for peasants but nobles resisted
flying cash
chinese term for paper money
hanseatic league
__________ was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in northwestern and central europe.
caravanserai
a roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey
if you lived in the safavid empire you would probably be a ____ muslim.
shia
what muslim leader reconquered jerusalem after the 2nd crusade?
saladin
what did the crusaders do when they reached constantinople during the 4th crusade?
looted the city
who led the people's crusade?
peter the hermit
T/F : venice and genoa benefited from the wealth and trade brought by the crusades
true
Qing Dynasty
last imperial dynasty of China
preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic
founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912
expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644
last of China's imperial dynasties
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
often had difficulties managing such a large, diverse empire
Ottoman Empire
Islamic State of Turkic speaking peoples lasting from 1453-1922; conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
Safavids
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs.
Songhai
an Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 16th century
eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal
Devshirme
'Selection' in Turkish
the system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units)
samurai
class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble called a daimyo (who in turned pledged loyalty to a shogun) in return for land or rice payments
absolute monarchy
system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
Versailles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility
late 17th-early 18th century (became his primary residence around 1670)
zamindars
Mughal empire's taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute/taxes for the emperor
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles
tax farming
tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire to generate money for territorial expansion
the government hired private individuals to collect taxes
Protestant Reformation
religious movement begun by German monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Catholic Church beginning in 1519
split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches (among many others)
95 Theses
arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517
ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication and the Protestant Reformation
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