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operon
cluster of prokaryotic genes controlled by a single promoter
mutation
change in the base sequence of existing DNA- result of either DNA damage or errors in replication.
conjugation
horizontal gene transfer mediated by a plasmid- requires physical contact between the donor and recipient of the transferred DNA.
transformation
horizontal gene transfer where bacteria take up free-floating DNA from their environment.
transduction
horizontal gene transfer where DNA is carried by a phage.
vertical gene transfer
inheritance of genes from parents during reproduction
horizontal gene transfer
in prokaryotes, spreading of DNA to an unrelated organism of the same generation (not reproduction)
Jacob and Monod
The first people to describe gene regulation (of the lac operon of E. coli)
start codon
Signal that controls the beginning of translation.
codon
Any of the 64 possible 3-base sequences (in mRNA). Each one specifies either an amino acid or a STOP to translation.
stop (nonsense) codon
one of 3 signals that can bring an end to translation
Bruce Ames
Invented a test that bears his name that is used to identify mutagens
mutagen
a chemical (such as heterocyclic amines) or physical factor (such as radiation) that increases the rate of mutations above the spontaneous level.
Salmonella
Bacteria used to identify mutagens in the Ames test.
cancer
Most mutagens raise the risk of this type of human disease.
transduction
type of horizontal gene transfer responsible for creating E. coli O157:H7 and other rapid pathogen evolution.
conjugation
type of horizontal gene transfer most responsible for transferring antibiotic resistance from one bacterial species into new ones.
transformation
An artificial form of this is used to introduce recombinant DNA into cells in genetic engineering.
Frederick Griffith
FIrst to describe horizontal gene transfer (transformation, specifically)
Avery, McLeod, McCarty
In the context of studying transformation, these 3 demonstrated that genes are made of DNA.
silent (mutation)
A base substitution mutation that does not change the sequence of the encoded polypeptide- mutated codon stands for same amino acid as the original one.
nonsense
A base substitution mutation that caused a shortened, but otherwise normal polypeptide to be produced. The mutation produces a premature stop codon within the gene.
frameshift
An insertion or deletion mutation will have this effect, where, from the site of the mutation onwards, virtually every amino acid encoded is altered.
missense
A base substitution mutation that changes only one amino acid in the encoded polypeptide.
base substitution
mutation that does not change the length of the gene, but replaces one base with another
insertion or deletion
two types of mutations that have similar causes and effects, that change the length of a gene by adding or removing bases.
regulation of gene expression
changes phenotype but not genotype- reversible
mutation and horizontal gene transfer
2 processes that change genotype and possibly phenotype-- not reversible.
natural selection
The observation that a gene or version of a gene that improves reproductive success / survival becomes more common over generations. One force that causes evolution (not the only one)..
repression
when the presence of a substance prevents expression of the gene (glucose, for the lac operon)
spontaneous
mutations that occur due to normal cellular processes that damage DNA or cause replication errors- not caused by any identifiable environmental factor.
mutation
process that can produce a new version of a gene, or a gene with a new function.
horizontal gene transfer
process that can move a gene from one type of bacteria into another.
horizontal gene transfer
This type of process can move drug resistance genes from harmless microbiota bacteria where they were selected by antibiotic treatment into pathogens that enter the body months later.
plasmid
a small, circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome. It replicates independently of the chromosome and often carries "auxiliary" genes that are occasionally useful.
colonies
a mutagen will cause an increase in the number of these in an Ames test
selection
The term for the process by which a course of antibiotics kills off most of the bacteria in the patient, allowing the rare cells that contain a drug resistance gene to survive, grow, and "take over" the environment. Called antibiotic __________________________
Which type of microorganism is correctly matched to its description?
Bacteria- Cells with no nuclei, but almost all have peptidoglycan
What are protozoans?
Simple single celled prokaryotic microorganisms without cell walls
What are helminths?
Parasitic multicellular animals; also called "parasitic worms"
What is biotechnology?
The human use of microorganisms or their components to perform useful tasks or create useful products (food, drugs, bioremediation)
Which microorganism is NOT correctly described?
Escherichia coli- Is found mainly on human skin
Which is a correctly written scientific name?
Spongiforma squarepantsii (underlined)
Match the correct microbiologists to their accomplishments.
Pasteur- Proved biogenesis
Von Leeuwenhoek- First to see live microbes that he called "animalcules"
Koch- Matched particular pathogens to specific diseases
Berg- Created the first hybrid or "recombinant" DNA
Jenner- First European doctor to use a vaccine
Which microbiologist discovered the first antibiotic?
Flemming
What did the clinical case (Andrea) in chapter 1 demonstrate about MRSA?
Someone who is sick with it may have acquired it through contact with a person who seems healthy.
Which description below would be true about sodium (Na)? Its atomic number is 11, and its atomic mass is 23.
An uncharged atom must have exactly 11 electrons.
What is an isotope?
Term for forms of the same element that have different atomic masses
Which type of bond is NOT correctly described?
Hydrogen- These are not very important in biology because they are so weak
Water has a strong tendency to form...
Hydrogen bonds.
Which functional group is correctly described or identified?
Methyl (-CH3)
How are macromolecules formed?
A condensation or dehydration reaction.
Which is true about a solution with a pH of 2?
It is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 3.
Which large molecule type is NOT correctly described?
Lipids- The saturated ones have more double bonds in their fatty acid subunits than the unsaturated ones do
Which macromolecule is correctly described?
Cellulose- This polymer of glucose is not broken down by animal enzymes, but can be used as food by animals such as cattle because of the bacteria they carry in their rumen
Amylose- Beans are rich in this starch that feeds beneficial microbes in the human colon, but cannot be easily hydrolyzed by human enzymes
Glycogen- Polymer or glucose used for storage by humans and some bacteria
Amylopectin- Polymer of glucose that can be broken down by human digestive enzymes in the small intestine and is absorbed by human cells to use as an energy source
Which of the types of microorganisms contains sterols in its cell membrane?
Most types of eukaryotes
Which is true of prokaryotes?
Cells contain the smaller size ribosomes (70s)
Which is true of eukaryotes?
Their cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotes.
Biofilms
May contain multiple species of bacteria
What are finbriae?
Thin protein "hairs" that attach cells to other cells or to surfaces
What does streptococcus bacteria look like?
Long circle lines (peas in a line)
Gram positive bacteria have...
Teichoic acids
Peptidoglycan
is the target of drugs such as pennicilin and body defenses such as the lysozyme found in tears and saliva
Which description is NOT true of gram negative bacteria?
They have a thicker cell wall than gram positive bacteria
One of the most useful pieces of information about a bacterial infection is the pathogen's gram reaction. What is one of the reasons that this information helps in dealing with an infection?
Some antibiotics are effective only against gram positive, but not gram negative bacterial infections
Which structures are correctly described?
Ribosomes: Structures in cells that build proteins
Mitochondria: Generates ATP using energy from "organic" food molecules
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that help white blood cells to kill bacteria
Chloroplasts: Generate ATP using light energy
Which of the following is true of endospores?
They can survive for millions of years
Which is NOT true about plasma cell membranes?
They allow most substances such as salts to move freely from low to high concentration through the membrane
Which is NOT correctly described?
Osmosis- Involves the active transport of water through the membrane
Which is NOT true about the clinical case about the Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in the hospital?
This bacteria is gram positive, which is why it caused more problems in the patients
Which of the following is NOT true about endosymbiotic hypothesis?
It was disproven by the DNA found within chloroplasts and mitochondria
Which is true of the human microbiota?
E. coli is found mainly in the microbiota of the large intestine
What would prevent Koch's postulates from being fulfilled for a disease?
The pathogen cannot be grown in a laboratory
V. fiscerii grows in a specialized organ of the bobtail squid. THe squid secretes nutrients into the structure that feeds the bacteria. THe bacteria produce light that masks the squid's shadow as it hunts in shallow waters.
The best term used to describe this relationship is...
Mutualism
What is a secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Hospital acquired infections...
DONT always involve fomite transmission (fomite-objects)
Which is the stage in the course of an infectious disease when the patient first begins to experience mild symptoms?
Prodrome
Which is not correctly described?
All diseases caused by a microorganism are communicable
In 2012, a viral pneumonia was first identified in a number of older men who lived in or had recently traveled to the Middle East. The virus has been traced to camels, who, when infected, can develop mild symptoms themselves. The new disease is caller MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome).
In the summer of 2018, an outbreak of 166 cases of MERS occurred in South Korea when a sick traveler returning from Saudi Arabia visited several clinics and hospitals seeking treatment. Almost all the cases occurred in health care providers and other patients in the facilities the traveler visited.
QUESION: Which of the following is NOT true about this disease from the description given here?
A. MERS is endemic to South Korea
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