Digestive system

The alimentary canal includes?

Accessory structures of digestion?

Peritoneum: XXXX membrane of XXXX cavity, has XXX layer and XXXX layer, the peritoneal cavity has XXX fluid which decreases XXX and organ XXX.

Layers of the digestive tract from lumen out?

The layer closest to the lumen is the XXXX. The mucosa has XXXX, the XXX XXX, and the XXX XXXX (XXX muscle), so muscularis mucosa is a part of the XXX layer, close to the XXX. Epithelium: XXXX nutrients and XXX mucus.

Lamina propria: Made of what tissues? Has XXXX that nourish the XXXX and XXXX nutrients, can have XXX.

Muscularis mucosae: a thin layer of XXXX XXX, local XXX of XXX.

The next layer is the submucosa, a layer of what tissue? Contains a lot of? Highly? Highly? The tissue is between XXX and XXX. Submucosal nerve plexus signals XXX XXXX to contract.

The next layer is the muscularis externa, closer to the lumen is the XXX smooth muscle layer, then you have the XXXX smooth muscle layer. Two layers of XXX muscle. Responsible for the processes called XXX and XXX. Circular layer (inner): muscle fibers orient XXX the canal, XXXX the alimentary tube. Longitudinal layer (outer): fibers run along the XXX, XXX the alimentary tube. The XXX nerve plexuis and is innervated by it and will control the processes called XXX and XXX.

The last layer is the XXX, which is the XXX layer of XXX XXX (just like in the heart, where the epicardium is the visceral layer of serous pericardium). What tissue makeup in this layer? XXX XXXX (outer mesothelium) and XXXX inner. Parts of the GI tract lacks serosa and will have XXX (for example?)

Alimentary canal: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach SI, LI, Rectum, Anus. 

Teeth, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas all accessory structures of digestion. 

Peritoneum: serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity, has parietal layer and visceral layer, the peritoneal cavity has serous fluid which decreases friction and organ movement. 

Alimentary canal. Open tube mouth to anus. Lumen is a hole in the tube. Layers of the digestive tract from lumen out: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa. The layer closest to the lumen is the mucosa. The esophagus has a stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized). The mucosa has epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle), so muscularis mucosa is a part of the mucosa layer, close to the lumen. Mucosa has 3 layers. Epithelium: absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus. Lamina propria: LACT and reticular CT whose capillaries nourish epithelium and absorb nutrients, can have MALT. Muscularis mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle, local movement of mucosa. 

The next layer is the submucosa, a layer of CT that contains a lot of blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. Between LACT and DICT, it is highly vascularized and highly innervated. Submucosal nerve plexus signals muscularis mucosa to contract. 

The next layer is the muscularis externa, closer to the lumen is the circular smooth muscle layer, then you have the longitudinal smooth muscle layer. Two layers of smooth muscle. Responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. Circular layer (inner): muscle fibers orient around the canal, squeeze the alimentary tube. Longitudinal layer (outer): fibers run along the length, lengthen the alimentary tube. Has Myenteric nerve plexus innervated by it and will control peristalsis and segmentation. 

The last layer is the serosa, which is the visceral layer of serous peritoneum (just like in the heart, where the epicardium is the visceral layer of serous pericardium). The visceral layer of serous pericardium tells us that the peritoneal cavity is between the layer on the outside of the serosa and the body wall which is the parietal layer, so that the peritoneal cavity. Simple squamous (outer mesothelium) and LACT inner. Part of the GI tract lacks serosa and will have adventitia (trachea, esophagus).

Esophagus. Muscular XXX that transports XXX and XXX to the XXX. Connects the XXX to the stomach. Not in the body XXX, so the esophagus' outer layer (serosa) is called the XXX. It enters the stomach through the XXX/XXX sphincter.  The XXX XXX layer contains the ⅓ rule.  with its XXX XXX layer. Superior third is XXX muscle in its muscularis externa layer, which tells us that XXXX (swallowing) is XXX. Middle is a XXX. The inferior third is XXX muscle in its muscularis externa. The mucosa layer, which will have the XXX XXX epithelium (non-XXX) that lines the XXX. Also, the serosa layer is called the XXX. The mucosa is XXX: epithelium. The XXX XXX is where the esophagus joins the stomach. XXX XXX close off lumen to prevent regurgitation of the acidic stomach into the esophagus.

Esophagus. Muscular tube that transports food and liquid to the stomach. Connects the pharynx to the stomach. Not in the body cavity, so the esophagus' outer layer (serosa) is called the adventitia. It is a muscular tube that enters the stomach through the esophageal/cardiac sphincter. It follows the ⅓ rule with its muscularis externa layer. Superior third is skeletal muscle in its muscularis externa layer, which tells us that deglutition (swallowing) is voluntary. Middle is a mixture. The inferior third is smooth muscle in its muscularis externa. So the muscularis externa layer has a modification. As well as the mucosa layer, where it will have the stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) that lines the lumen. Also the serosa layer is called the adventitia. The mucosa is protective: epithelium. The cardiac orifice is where the esophagus joins the stomach. Cardiac sphincters close off lumen to prevent regurgitation of the acidic stomach into the esophagus. The muscularis externa contains the ⅓ rule. 

We enter the stomach from the XXX through the XXXX sphincter or XXX sphincter, which is a XXX but not an XXX sphincter. Off the stomach’s greater curvature is the XXX XXX. Omentum are double sheets of XXX XXX, the omentum is like a pillowcase that lies over the XXX XXXX, the greater omentum is a way to get XXX and XXX vessels to where it needs to go, the greater omentum is also an wrapping around the XXX that will help prevent XXX by keeping the infections and viscera XXXX. 

Off the lesser curvature, we have the XXX XXX. The stomach has XXXX which are invaginations of the XXX layer. Now the serosa layer instead of XXX in the stomach. Another variation in the stomach is in the muscularis externa where it has an extra layer closest to the XXX which is the XXX layer which helps with the XXX breakdown of food. 

The stomach also has gastric pits in the XXX layer, and then deeply, the gastric XXX: which will secrete enzymes that break down food. 

Three major functions: XXX bulk amounts of XXX food; XXX breaks down XXX food; XXX digests ingested food. 

Gastric pits are XXX, gastric glands are XXX. The gastric glands in the XXX will have XXX cells and XXX cells. 

Stomach is the XXX (in terms of size) part of GI tract. 

Food is XXX and turned into paste called XXX. XXX and XXX secreted to break down food proteins. 

Lies in the XXX XXX of the peritoneal cavity ( inferior to the XXX and anterior to the XXX and XXX). 

Cardia: XXX shaped zone encircling XXX orifice

Fundus: stomach XXX tucked under XXX

Body: large XXX portion of stomach

Pylorus: XXX shape, pyloric XXX, pyloric XXX. XXX of stomach. Pyloric sphincter controls entry of XXXX to XXX XXX. 

Greater curvature: (convex or concave?) (left or right?) surface of stomach and opens into XXX XXX. 

Lesser curvature: (convex, concave?) (left, right?) of stomach, opens to the XXX XXX.  

Rugae: found in XXX, XXX fold, XXX as the stomach is filled. 

XXX layer of muscularis externa: only present in stomach, deep to XXX layer. 

Epithelium of mucosa is a XXX XXX epithelium. 

Has XXX cells that secrete XXX buffered XXX that protect the stomach from XXX and XXX.

We enter the stomach from the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter, which is a physiological but not an anatomical sphincter. We enter the stomach which has a fundus, the body It will have a lesser curvature and the greater curvature.  Off the stomach’s greater curvature is the greater omentum. Omentum are double sheets of serous peritoneum, the omentum is like a pillowcase that lies over the abdominal viscera, the greater omentum is a way to get lymphatics and blood vessels to where it needs to go, the greater omentum is also an wrapping around the viscera that will help prevent infections by keeping the infections and viscera isolated. Off the lesser curvature, we have the lesser momentum which has some ligaments. The stomach has rugae which are invaginations of the mucosa layer. Now you officially have the serosa layer instead of adventitia in the stomach. The variation in the stomach is in the muscularis externa where it has an extra layer closest to the lumen which is the oblique layer which helps with the mechanical breakdown of food. The stomach also has gastric pits in the mucosa layer, and then deeply, the gastric glands: which will secrete enzymes that break down food. Three major functions: Stores bulk amounts of ingested food; Mechanically breaks down ingested food; Chemically digests ingested food. Stomach has stretch receptors that accommodate food. Gastric pits are shallow, gastric glands are deep. The gastric glands in the mucosa will have chief cells and parietal cells. Widest part of GI tract. Food is churned and turned into paste called chyme. Pepsin and HCI secreted to break down food proteins. Lies in the superior left of the peritoneal cavity (left hypochondriac, inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the spleen and pancreas). Cardiac region: 

Four regions:

Cardia: ring shaped zone encircling cardiac orifice

Fundus: stomach dome tucked under diaphragm

Body: large middle portion of stomach

Pylorus: funnel shape, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal. Terminus of stomach. Pyloric sphincter controls entry of chyme to SI. 

Greater curvature: convex left surface of stomach and opens into greater momentum. 

Lesser curvature: concave right of stomach, opens to the lesser omentum 

Rugae: found in mucosa, longitudinal fold, flattens as the stomach is filled. 

Oblique layer of muscularis externa: only present in stomach, deep to circular layer. 

Epithelium of mucosa is a simple columnar epithelium. 

Has goblet cells that secrete bicarbonate buffered mucus that protect the stomach from pepsin and HCI

Then we exit the stomach through the XXX sphincter. The pyloric sphincter is the XXX ring that separates the XXX XXX of the XXX from the XXX. The pyloric sphincter is both an XXX and XXX sphincter, unlike the cardiac sphincter/esophageal sphincter. Prevents XXX. 

We go from the stomach to the XXX XXX. 

The duodenum lies XXXX (XXX XXXX XXXl), while jejunum and ileum lie XXX. 

The duodenum has XXX XXX in the XXX. layer 

The Jejunum is relatively XXX. The ileum has the XXX XXX or the XXX-associated XXX tissue. Will have rings of XXX layer invagintaions: XXX XXX. 

Pliicae circulares will have a brush border of XXX that have XXX. 

The small intestine is the only digestive organ that has XXX with XXX: the stomach, esophagus, and the colon do not. 

The microvilli increases the XXX XXX area. 

 Ileum enters the XXX of the XXX XXX through the XXX valve on the XXX side.  

Three anatomical regions:

Duodenum— the “XXX XXX” (don’t see it XXX)

Jejunum— where the bulk of XXX and XXX occurs

Ileum— materials flow through here into XXX XXX

Site of most XXXX digestion and all XXX of nutrients. 

Duodenum: receives digestive XXX from XXX via XXX duct. Receives XXX from XXX and XXX via the XXX duct. Pancreatic duct and bile duct join to form XXX XXX. Ampulla opens into duodenum at major XXX XXX. 

Jejunum: (inferior, superior?) (left, right?) 

Ileum: (inferior, superior?) (left, right?)

3 modified structures that increase XXX XXX area. 

Circular fold: plicae circulares: XXX ridges of XXX and XXX. XXX surface area, folds force XXX to XXX to increase XXX time. 

Villi: XXX-like XXX of XXX layer. Covered by XXX XXX epithelium of XXX cells (XXX, have a lot of XXX and XXX cells). XXX XXX enter the lacteals. 

Microvilli: on the apical surface of XXX cells (XXX), increase absorptive area. 

Intestinal crypts: XXX XXX between XXX. XXX cells line crypts, these crypts secrete XXX juice, a watery fluid of XXX and XXX. 

Then we exit the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter is the muscular ring that separates the pyloric antrum of the stomach from the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter is both an anatomical and physiological sphincter, unlike the cardiac sphincter/esophageal sphincter. Prevents backflow. We go from the stomach to the small intestine. DJI. The duodenum lies retroperitoneally (behind the body wall), while jejunum and ileum lie ventral. The duodenum has Brunner's glands in the submucosa. The Jejunum is relatively featureless. The ileum has the Peyer’s patches or the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. Rings of mucosal invagintaions: plicae circulares. The small intestine will not have any rugae anymore, we do see invagination of the mucosa however, plicae circulares, which is a ring like structure, will have a brush border of villi that have microvilli. The small intestine is the only digestive organ that has villi with microvilli: the stomach, esophagus, and the colon do not. The microvilli increases the absorption surface area.  Ileum enters the cecum/colon through the ileocecal valve on the right side.  Plays primary role in the digestion and absorption of food. The plicae circular will have those microvilli and villi. 

Three anatomical regions:

Duodenum— the “mixing bowl” (don’t see it anteriorly)

Jejunum— where the bulk of digestion and absorption occurs

Ileum— materials flow through here into large intestine

Longest GI tract. 

Site of most enzymatic digestion and all absorption of nutrients. 

Duodenum: receives digestive enzymes from pancreas via pancreatic duct. Receives bile from liver and gallbladder via the bile duct. Main pancreatic duct and bile duct join to form hepatopancreatic ampulla. Ampulla opens into duodenum at major duodenal papilla. 

Jejunum: superior left 

Ileum: inferior right. 

3 modified structures that increase absorptive surface area. 

Circular fold: plicae circulares: permanent ridges of mucosa and submucosa. Increase surface area, folds force chyme to spiral to increase absorption time. 

Villi: finger-like projections of mucosa. Covered by simple columnar epithelium of absorptive cells (enterocytes, have a lot of mitochondria and goblet cells). Digested fats enter the lacteals. 

Microvilli: on the apical surface of absorptive cells (enterocytes), increase absorptive area. 

Intestinal crypts: mucosal tubes between vill. Epithelial cells line crypts, these crypts secrete intestinal juice, a watery fluid of chyme and water.

The ileum enters the large intestine/colon on the (right or left side?) XXX side through the XXX (XXX XXX). Off the Cecum, we have the XXX tissue called the XXX. Then we have the XXX colon. The right side turn from the XXX colon to the XXX colon is the XXX XXX flexure or XXX flexure (because the XXX is on the right side).

The left side turns from the XXX colon to the XXX colon, the XXX XXX XXX or the XXX flexure (spleen on the left). The LI is relatively XXX in the mucosa so no XxXx or XXX XXx

LI has the XXX (pouches). Will have the taenia coli, which are modifications of the XXX XXXX (circular or longituinal?) layer.

The serosa here is very XXX, so you see the variation of the XXX XXX and XXX.

Fatty tags hang off the LI called the XXX XXX. Then we enter the rectum and anus that don’t have….

XXX absorption happens here.

What you see through the serosa in LI is the XXX XXX. You will also have intestinal XXX (also in XXX XXX) they are areas in between the XXX tissue.

Functions include:

- Reabsorb XXX and compact XXX

- XXX of important minerals by bacteria

- XXX site for XXX before XXX

Little food XXX here. Absorbs XXX and XXX from digested mass resulting in semi solid XXX. Propulsion here is XXX and XXX.

Teniae coli: # XXX strips evenly spaced around XXX and XXX, maintain XXX XXX, the teniae coli cause LI to pucker into sacks creating XXX. Haustra are sacs formed by XXX XXX. Epiploic appendages: XXX-filled pouches of XXX XXXX hanging from XXXX XXXX.

Cecum: right iliac fossa. Forms junction where the XXX opens into the XXX XXX. XXX valve controls XXX entering XXX XXXX.

Vermiform appendix: a blind tube opens into XXX. Large mass of XXX tissue. Gatherings XXX and neutralizes XXX.

Right colic flexure (or Xxx flexure) at right XXXX level. Left colic flexure (XXX flexure) anterior to XXX.

Rectum still a part of LI: no teniae coli, straight passageway. XXX muscle.

The ileum enters the large intestine/colon on the right side through the Cecum (blind pouch). Off the Cecum, we have the lymphoid tissue called the appendix. Then we have the ascending colon. The right side turn from the ascending colon to the transverse colon is the right colonic flexure or hepatic flexure (because the liver is on the right side). The left side turns from the transverse colon to the descending colon, the left colic flexure or the splenic flexure (spleen on the left). The LI is relatively smooth in the mucosa so no rugae or plicae circulares. LI has the haustra (pouches). Will have the taenia coli, which are modifications of the muscularis externa longitudinal layer. The serosa here is very thin, so you see the variation of the teniae coli and haustra. We also have the fatty tags hanging off the LI called the epiploic appendages. Then we enter the rectum and anus that don’t have the taenia coli, epiploic appendages, or haustra. Water absorption happens here in the LI. Submucosa of the duodenum has brunner’s glands. Ileum will have the peyer’s patches or mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. Serosa lies over the teniae coli. What you see through the serosa in LI is the taenia coli. You will also have intestinal crypts (also in SI) they are areas in between the glandular tissue. 

Functions include:

- Reabsorb water and compact feces

- Absorption of important minerals by bacteria

- Storage site for feces before defecation

Three regions:

The cecum

The colon

The rectum

Little food breakdown here. Absorbs water and electrolytes from digeste mass resulting in semi solid feces. Propulsion is sluggish and weak. 

Teniae coli: 3 longitudinal strips evenly spaced around cecum and colon, maintain muscle tone, the teniae coli cause LI to pucker into sucks creating haustra. Haustra are sacs formed by teniae coli. Epiploic appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum hanging from LI. 

Cecum: right iliac fossa. Forms junction where the ileum opens into the large intestine. Ileocecal valve controls chyme entering LI. 

Vermiform appendix: blind tube opens into cecum. Large mass of lymphoid tissue. Gatherings antigens and neutralizes pathogens. 

Right colic flexure (or hepatic flexure) at right kidney level. Left colic flexure (splenic flexure) anterior to spleen. 

Rectum still a part of LI: no teniae coli, straight passageway. Longitudinal muscle. 

LI: no villi, intestinal crypts present, goblets cells more abundant: for more mucus secretion, Absorptive cells of LI take in water and electrolytes.

Ducts. Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum. Off the right lobe of liver , is the right XXX duct. Off the left lobe of liver you will have the left XXX duct. These two will combine and come together to make the XXX XXX duct. Coming off of the gallbladder is not the bile duct; it is the XXX duct. Then the cystic duct and the XXX XXX duct will combine and come together to form the XXX XXX duct. So the bile duct is not off the XXX The bile duct will enter into the XXX through this lump through a hole in it called the XXX XXX. Coming off the pancreas through the XXX cells, is called the XXX duct, it will combine with the XXX XXXduct. So the pancreas duct will empty its zxxx juices through the XXX XXX duct into the XXX

Liver. Hepatic/Portal triad. The liver gets its blood from ### sources. The functional unit of the liver is the DDD XXXX. The largest is the hepatic XXX XXXX, which carries XXXX blood, XXX in nutrients, low in XXX, from the XXX XXX to the XXX. The hepatic XXX proper carries blood high in XXX, low in XXX from the XXX XXX. Third structure is the XXX XXX (biliary ductule).

Ducts. Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum. Right bigger than the left lobe. Off the right lobe, is the right hepatic duct. Off the left lobe of liver you will have the left hepatic duct coming off. These two will combine and come together to make the common hepatic duct. Coming off of the gallbladder is not the bile duct; it is the cystic duct. Then the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct will combine and come together to form the common bile duct. So the bile duct is not off the gallbladder. The bile duct will enter into the duodenum through this lump through a hole in it called the duodenal papilla. Coming off the pancreas through the acinar cells, is called the pancreatic duct, it will combine with the common bile duct. So the pancreas duct will empty its digestive juices through the common bile duct into the duodenum. 

Liver. Hepatic/Portal triad. The liver gets its blood from 2 sources. The functional unit of the liver is the hepatic lobule. The largest is the hepatic portal vein, which carries deoxygenated blood, high in nutrients, low in oxygen, from the digestive tract to the heart. The hepatic artery proper carries blood high in oxygen, low in nutrient from the abdominal aorta. Third structure is the bile duct (biliary ductule).

Salivary glands have 3 types. Salivary glands bind food together into XXX. These are (intrinsic or extrinsic glands?) salivary glands. Lie XXX to the mouth. Parotid gland (XXX cells) parotid duct opens to XXX located anterior to XXX, sublingual gland the duct will open into the XXX (XXX cells), and submandibular gland  duct opens lateral to XXX (XXX gland, XXX and XXX cells). Once we get into the oral cavity we are secreting XXX XXX, salivary enzymes break down XXX, by the time the bolus of food goes down the esophagus and gets into the stomach, you will no longer be able to digest XXXX very efficiently. There are XXX muscles in the salivary gland XXX, XXX is production of those smooth muscles XXX, blowing that salivary amylase XXX.

Salivary glands have 3 types. Salivary glands bind food together into bolus. These are extrinsic salivary glands. Lie external to the mouth. Parotid gland (serous cells) parotid duct opens to mouth located anterior to ear, sublingual gland the duct will open into the mouth(mucous cells), and submandibular gland  duct pen lateral to tongue (mixed gland, mucous and serous cells). Once we get into the oral cavity we are secreting serous amylase, salivary enzymes break down carbohydrates, by the time the bolus of food goes down the esophagus and gets into the stomach, you will no longer be able to digest carbohydrates very efficiently. There are smooth muscles in the salivary gland ducts, gleeking is production of those smooth muscles contracting, blowing that salivary amylase out. 

Digestive system: 

Ingestion: taking food XXX. 

Mechanical processing: XXX, XXX of the size of the XXX by XXX processes, including XXX, and the functionality of the XXX. 

Digestion. 

Secretion: into the XXX of that open tube of mouth to anus of those XXX XXX. 

Absorption: getting molecules XXX our bodies. Like the XXX and XXX in SI. Also occurs in the colon (XXX absorption through XXX, if these XXX don’t work, then water flows right out and we get XXX and get XXX). 

Excretion: XXX. 

Compaction: formation of the XXX matter. 

Perstilais vs. segmentation

From mouth to anus we have XXX and XXX. Peristalsis is based upon XXX that XXX the XXX from XXX to Z, the reverse of peristalsis is XXX so things get XXX of the body. 

Segmentation is different however. Segmentation is XXX, then the contraction of the muscle is not XXX the bolus instead it is contracting the bolus to XXX the bolus XXX down, this is important for digestion because you XXX the XXX area for the enzymes to work on, and you get a lot more efficient digestive XXX. XXX digestion includes segmentation. While peristalsis is XXX which is XXX of food through the GI tract. Peristalsis: alternate waves of XXX and relaxation of XXX in organ walls.

Digestive system: 

Ingestion: taking food in. 

Mechanical processing: chewing, reduction of the size of the bolus by mechanical processes, including segmentation, and the functionality of the stomach. 

Digestion

Secretion: into the lumen of that open tube of mouth to anus of those digestive enzymes. 

Absorption: getting molecules into our bodies. Like the villi and microvilli in SI. Also occurs in the colon (water absorption through receptors, if these receptors don’t work, then water flows right out and we get diarrhea and get dehydrated). 

Excretion: defecation. 

Compaction: formation of the fecal matter. 

From mouth to anus we have peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis is based upon contraction that moves the bolus from A to Z, the reverse of peristalsis is vomiting so things get out of the body. Segmentation is different however. Segmentation is stationary, then the contraction of the muscle is not moving the bolus instead it is contracting the bolus to reduce the bolus size down, this is important for digestion because you increase the surface area for the enzymes to work on, and you get a lot more efficient digestive absorption. Mechanical digestion includes segmentation. While peristalsis is propulsion which is movement of food through the GI tract. Peristalsis: alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls. 

Double sheets of serous peritoneum: XXX. The greater omentum is an example of XXX, a XXX layer of XXX XXX that lies over the XXX cavity. Mesentery is the XXX XXX, the XXX sheets that actually keep the intestines and really all of the viscera in place. 

Mesentery double layer of peritoneum that hold the peritoneal organs to the dorsal and ventral XXX XX. Supports digestive organs by storing XXX and carries XXX XXX and XXX. Visceral organs that XXX a mesentery and are XXX to the posterior body wall are XXXX organs. Lesser curvature of stomach has XXX XXX (found XXX), lesser omentum from XXX to XXX XXX of XXX. Greater omentum connects XXX XXX of XXX to XXX abdominal wall, will extend inferiorly to cover coil of XXX XXX like a net. 

Stomach has a variation in the muscularis externa. Will have a third deeper layer called the XXX layer. In the Large Intestine, the outer layer of the muscularis externa has a variational/modification of ###  strands of XXX smooth muscle called XXX XXX. 

What organs lie behind the body wall?

Liver

- Produces XXX

Gallbladder

- XXX pile, do not make it. 

Pancreas

XXX production and secretion

Double sheets of serous peritoneum: mesentery. The greater omentum is an example of mesentery, a double layer of serous peritoneum that lies over the abdominal cavity. Mesentery is the serous peritoneum, the double sheets that actually keep the intestines and really all of the viscera in place. Mesentery double layer of peritoneum that connect the peritoneal organs to the dorsal and ventral body wall. Supports digestive organs, stores fats and carries blood vessels and nerves. Visceral organs that lack a mesentery and are fused to the posterior body wall are retroperitoneal organs. Lesser curvature of stomach has lesser omentum (found ventral), lesser omentum from liver to lesser curvature of stomach. Greater omentumL connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall, will extend inferiorly to cover coild of SI like a net. 

Stomach has a variation in the muscularis externa. Will have a third deeper layer called the oblique layer. In the Large Intestine, the outer layer of the muscularis externa has a variational/modification of three strands of longitudinal smooth muscle called teniae coli. The pancreas, duodenum, spleen, kidney, ureter, and most of the uterus lie behind the body wall.

Liver

- Produces bile

Gallbladder

- Stores pile, do not make it. 

Pancreas

Enzyme production and secretion

The liver will get blood from the XXX XXX through the XXX XXX and from the XXX XXX through the XXX XXX XXX. Blood will enter into the liver and be filtered through the XXX, a XXX blood flow through those large vessels, and will have XXX cells XXX things out. Liver is a XXX. 

Right lobe has the right XXX XXX, left lovbe has the left XXX XXX that will form to make the XXX XXX XXX. From the gallbladder’s XXX XXX they will form the XXX XXX XXx. 

The liver is unique in that one way that it empties blood via the XXX XXX not the same as the hepatic portal vein, it will empty through the hepatic vein back up the XXX to the XXX XXX of XXX. 

Liver is unique in that it can XXX. 

The Basic functional unit of a liver is a XXX. You will find the XXX. The Kupffer cells will actually help with XXX whatever is coming in from the ### sources of blood: XXX XXX XXX and XXX XXX. Those blood in the XXX XXX XXX and XXX XXX will mix in the XXX and go into the XXX XXX. Central vein will combine with the XXX XX XXX, hepatic veins empty into the XXX. Blood and bile never XXX. 

Liver is the (smallest, largest?) XXX of the body. 

XXX function: produces XXX to break down fat. 

Metabolic function: carried out by XXX (liver cells)--picks up XX from blood to return to XXX XXX and stores it as XXX, processes fats to XXX XXX, stores XXX, XXX poisons and drugs in XXX, makes blood XXX (makes XXX XXX). XXX XXX XXX marks the division of the left and right lobe. Quadrate lobe is XXX to caudate lobe and is sandwiched between XX lobe and XXX. 

Porta hepatis: XXX to liver where most vessels are found. 

The right and left hepatic ducts that contain XXX that exit the XXX XXX and fuse to form a XXX XXX duct. 

Lobule has XXX that radiate to form a XXX XXX. ### portal triads in each lobule. The central veins  of each lobule merge to form the XXX XXX (right and left), which drain blood from the XXX and return it to the XXX circuit via XXX XXX XX.

The liver will get blood from the abdominal aorta through the hepatic artery and from the digestive system through the hepatic portal vein. Blood will enter into the liver and be filtered through the sinusoids, a slow blood flow through those large vessels, and will have kupffer cells filtering things out. Liver is a filter. Right lobe has the right hepatic duct, left love has the left hepatic duct that will form to make the common hepatic duct. From the gallbladder’s cystic duct they will form the common bile duct. The liver is unique in that one way that it empties is via the hepatic vein not the same as the hepatic portal vein, it will empty through the hepatic vein back up the IVC to the right atrium of heart. Liver is unique in that it can regenerate. The Basic functional unit of a liver is a lobule. You will find the hepatocytes. The Kupffer cells will actually help with attacking whatever is coming in from the two sources of blood: hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. Those blood in the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery will mix in the sinusoids and go into the central vein. Central vein will combine with the hepatic portal vein, hepatic veins empty into the IVC. Blood and bile never mix. 

Liver is the largest gland of the body. Digestion function: produces bile to break down SO fast. Metabolic function: carried out by hepatocytes (liver cells)--picks up glucose from blood to return to GI tract and stores it as glycogen, processes fats to amino acids, stores vitamins, detoxifies poisons and drugs in blood, makes blood proteins (makes plasma proteins). Inferior vena cava of the liver marks the division of the left and right lobe. Quadrate lobe is inferior to caudate lobe and is sandwiched between left lobe and gallbladder

Porta hepatis: gateway to liver where most vessels are found (hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper enter and leave liver. The right and left hepatic ducts that contain bile exit porta hepatis and fuse to form a common hepatic duct. 

Lobule has hepatocytes that radiate to form a central vein. 6 portal triads in each lobule. The central veins  of each lobule merge to form the hepatic veins (right and left), which drain blood from the liver and return it to the systemic circuit via inferior vena cava.

Portal triad: at every corner of liver XXX. XXX XXXX vein, hepatic XXX, XXX XXX. The XXX XXX of each lobule unite and form right and left XXX XXX. 

Kupffer cells: hepatic XXX, XXX shaped cells found inside XXX and destroy XXX in XXX. 

Right and left hepatic ducts join to make the XXX XXX duct. The duct from the gallbladder called the XXX duct joints the XXX XXX duct to form the XXX XXX duct and dump into the XXX. Through that XXXX sphincter or XXX XXX

At the duodenum a muscular XXXX sphincter surrounds lumen of XXX XXX duct and XXXX XXX. Duodenal ampulla opens into duodenum at the XXXX XXXX. Contraction of XXX sphincter seals off passageway and prevents XXX entering XXXX XXXX.

Ducts of each lobule unite and form right and left hepatic ducts. 

Kupffer cells: hepatic macrophages, star shaped cells found inside sinusoids and destroy bacteria in blood. 

Right and left hepatic ducts join to make the common hepatic duct. The duct from the gallbladder called the cystic duct joints the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct and dump into the duodenum. Through that hepatopancreatic sphincter/duodenum or duodenal papilla

At the duodenumL a muscular hepatopancreatic sphincter surrounds lume of common bile duct and duodenal ampulla. Duodenal ampulla opens into duodenum at the hepatoduodenal papilla. Contraction of hepatopancreatic sphincter seals off passageway and prevents bile entering small intestine. 

Gallbladder: a muscular XXXX found on the XXX surface of the XXX. XXXX and XXXX what? produced from XXX. XXXX duct leads from gallbladder toward XXX XXX. The cystic duct joins the XXX XXX duct from the XXX to form a XXX XXXX duct which empties into XXXX. 

Gallbladder: a muscular sac found on the visceral surface of the liver. Stores and modifications produced from liver. Cystic duct leads from gallbladder toward porta hepatis. The cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form a common bile duct which empties into duodenum. 

Pancreatic XXX cells that produce the pancreatic XXX secreted through the XXX into the XXX to help with XXX. 

Pancreas: Exocrine function–produces most XXX XXX and buffers the XXX XXXx. Endocrine: produces XXX (XXX, XXX to regulate blood XXX levels. Head of the pancreas is in XXXX as it leaves the XXXX. Body is extends transversely toward the XXX. 

Pancreatic duct joins the XXXX duct to form XXXX XXXX which empties into XXX at XXXX XXX. 

XXX arteries and XXXX arteries are major branches from the XXX, XXX XXXX, and XXXX XXX artery. The XXX vein drains the pancreas. Pancreatic acini are simple XXX, secreted pancreatic XXX (water, ion, and digestive enzyme) into XXX. Pancreatic enzymes will do most of the XXXX work in XXXX XXXX to break down food as much as possible so that XXXX XXXX can do XXX. Pancreatic duct will secrete XXX to XXX the acid of XXX to stabilize the XXX before it goes to XXXX XXX. 

Pancreatic acinar cells that produce the pancreatic juice secreted through the ducts into the duodenum to help with digestion. 

Pancreas: Exocrine function–produces most digestive enzymes and buffers SI. Endocrine: produces hormones (insulin glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Head of the pancreas is in duodenum as it leaves the pylorus. Body is extends transversely toward the spleen. Pancreatic duct extends through the length of the pancreas, joins the bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla which empties into duodenum at duodenal papilla. Pancreatic arteries and pancreaticoduodenal arteries are major branches from the splenic, superior mesenteric, and common hepatic artery. The splenic vein drains the pancreas. Pancreatic acini are simple cuboidal, secreted pancreatic juice (water, ion, and digestive enzyme) into duodenum. Pancreatic enzymes will do most of the digestive work in SI to break down food as much as possible for SI to do absorption. Pancreatic duct will secrete buffers to neutralize the acid of chyme to stabilize the pH before it goes to SI. Pancreatic islets: endocrine function produces hormones insulin, glucagon.