NRES 250 Exam 1 UWSP

Dingell-Johnson Act

tax on fisheries equipment to help restore habitat and enforce regulations.

optimum sustainable yeild

The population that is best for its ecological community

maximum sustainable yield

the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished

Tragedy of the Commons

The depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self interest.

What types of harvest regulations are currently used?

Size, Creel, Seasons, Ect.

north American model of wildlife conservation

It is the foundation for wildlife and fisheries management. Contains the 7 focal points

What is a representative sample?

Gives a population estimate

Why do we sample populations?

To understand and make informed decisions about fish and wildlife populations we need to know certian things about them.

What is gear selectivity?

Gear "selects" different sized or species of animals?

What is bias in our data?

The gear selectivity creates a bias in the data because it "favors" a type or size of animal.

What are some Passive sample devices used?

Mist nets and drive nets -birds.bats

Leghold- larger

Fyke trap - fish

clover, pit, corral, funnel traps

What are some active sample devices used?

Seines-fish

Trawls

Helicopter

Electrfishing

What are the 3 dynamic rate functions?

Recruitment (natality)- addition

Growth- Addition of biomass

Mortality- death

What is density dependent relationship?

Recruits don't rely on spawners

What is density independent relationship?

Environmental conditions strongly influence recruitment. Recruits rely on spawners

What is additive mortality?

total mortality increases with increases in harvest mortality

What is compensatory mortality?

Natural mortality changes in response to harvest mortality such that total mortality stays the same

How did species focus change or evolve in Era?

Each era focused on preserving and helping the species survive so that they can live for longer and be available a resource for future resources.

How did wildlife management change or evolve in each Era?

Managment strategies or goals became more focused and "strict" as each era passed.

What is the Pittman-Robertson Act?

Placed a tax on hunting equipment. The money then went to agencies for wildlife management.

Non-game-

Game-

not pursued for consumption

harvested for recreation

Methods for determining economic value and how value is determined

Money spent while participating in the activity

Price it would be worth at the market based on buyers and sellers

Willingness to pay the amount you would spend to do that activity

How does money spent compare among anglers, wildlife watchers, and hunters?

Wildlife watchers spend the most money followed by anglers, then hunters but wildlife watchers are not taxed under Pittman-Robertson act

What are some new ways that economic value has been determined for wildlife

A judge who oversaw finding a punishment for someone who shot a crane or swan called a biologist and found out it takes them $80,000 to raise the animal from birth to old enough they can release it into the wildlife, so the person had to pay that

What are the components of attitudes?

1. Affects - emotional

2. Beliefs- Perception

3. Intentions and Actions based off of 1 and

What are Kellert's Attitudes toward life?

Naturalistic- wildife, outdoors

Ecologistic- Species and habitats

Humanistic- individual animals

Moralistic- Ethical treatment of animals concern

Scientific- physcical and biological interest

Aesthetic- artistic and symbolic animal interst

Utilitarian- partical and material value

Dominionistic- master and control

Negativistic- avoid animals

What is DMAP?

Deer Management Assistance Program.

Promotes sound land stewardship practices

Assist landowners with wildlife habitat and deer management

Provide a means for site specific deer managements

What are ultimate causes of behavior?

ultimate causes of behavior?

response provides evolutionary changes (survival or reproductive benefit)

What are proximate causes of behavior?

Stimulus elicits a direct or immediate response (sunlight, temperature)

What are innate behaviors?

Genetically programmed

Taxis or reflex

Not easily modified

What is learned behavior?

Trial and error

Easily modified

What do altricial species imprint on?

Imprint on location and require more parental care

What do precocial species imprint on?

Imprint on mom and alert and well developed at birth

What is an animal hierarchy?

Status system causing:

less fighting

less tension

less energy loss

What is kin selection?

A form of social organization that benefits relatives. The animal tries to have its genes get passed on.

What is Altruism?

Care giving is costly, in short. The young gain strength while the care giver, simply, loses strength.

What are the benefits to flocking/herding/schooling?

detects predators

Confuse predators

Feeding and hunting advantages

Synchronized breeding

Facilitate movement

What is a Monogamous mate?

strong pair bonds

What is a Polygamous mate?

Several Mates

Why do animals maintain territories?

Mating

Nesting

Feeding

Loafing

What is posturing as a form of behavior?

Common in wolves and dogs

What is auditory as a form of behavior?

Howling but it is short lived and only lasts as long as the sound

What is visual as a form of behavior?

Only works if visually able to see it.

What is Chemical or pheromones as a form of behavior?

Long lasting

Present even after the animal leaves

How can we use behavioral information in management?

Reproduction management

Pest control

Translocation

Pheromone traps

Censusing wildlife

Research

Captive breeding

Has forest area changed over time

1620's 1038 million acres, today 750 million acres

How was fire used historically by Native Americans

Openings were cleared for villages, agriculture and clearings were maintained with fire

What attitude did settlers 400 years ago have about forests

A nuisance that is inexhaustible to be concurred because key to settlement and economic growth

What is the public domain and why did the federal government develop it

Government used and sold public land to promote settlement and pay debut

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres in the west you had to pay a small filling fee and live there for 5 yrs

Morrill Land Grant Acts (1862)

30,000 acres per member of congress, public lands for public good

Timber and Stone Act of 1878

$2.50 per acre of land that wasn't suitable for farming

Organic Act of 1897

Provides management of forest preserves

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Allowed presidents to remove forests from public domain

Harrison- 13 million acres

Cleveland- 21 million acres

Teddy- 167 million acres

McSweeny-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928

Started inventorying and monitoring activities of forest service

Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960

Public land should be managed for multiple use