Animal production Quiz 1

Humans were considered ____ because of their lifestyle where they sought out, hunted, and consumed animals

hunter-gatherers

_ __the first animal species to be domesticated.

dogs

what were the first food animal species to be domesticated.

sheep

Over time, domestication of animals along with other factors led to a behavioral change causing ____to become ____ .

hunter-gatherers ; farmers

distribution of livestock increased by average rate of ____ in 2016 for large farm animals

1%

distribution of livestock increased by average rate of ____ in 2016 for poultry

5%

what are the two forces driving the increase in global demand for animal products?

human population growth and economic development

in 2015, what was the major meat supply

swine

in 2024, what was the major meat supply

poultry

Large ruminants

large mammals like cows

Artiodactyla

buffalo, cattle, yak. the order containing even-toed ungulates

Perissodactyla

the order containing odd-toed ungulates

small ruminants

sheep and goats

swine

artiodactyla, in the suidae familys ex) pigs

poultry

classes under aves. chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc

vertebrate

an animal that possesses a backbone or spinal column

characteristics of mammals

• warm-blooded

• covered with hair/fur

• skeletal systems are solid and filled with bone marrow

• young are born alive (viviparous)

• mammary glands for milk production

• have specialized teeth and muscular disaphragm

characteristics of avians

• endothermic

• covered with feathers

• bones are pneumatic (have air cavities)

• lay hard-shell eggs

• no mammary glands

• specialized beak without teeth

• forelimbs modified for flight

• hindlimbs adapted for walking, swimming, or perching

nutrition

the study of how the body uses nutrients to sustain life and for productive purposes.

dietary essential nutrition

required for normal physiological function and must be obtained from the diet due to a lack of synthesis by the body.

dietary non-essential nutrients

synthesized by the body in necessary amounts to meet the animal’s requirements.

6 types of nutrients

• water

• carbohydrate

• vitamin

• mineral

• protein

• fat

water

functions as lubricant, body temp regulation, solvent for body’s solid components

carbohydrate

to provide animals with energy

• types such as sugar, starch, cellulose

vitamin

organic compound required by body in small quantities

types of vitamins

fat-soluable and water-soluable

fat soluable vitamin

regulate body functions, dissolves in fat and is stored in fatty tissue

water soluble

metabolic regulation of the body, easily dissolved in the body (vitamin C and B)

minerals

solid, inorganic compounds that naturally occur

functions of minerals

fluid balance, acid-base balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, oxygen transmission, wound healing, immune function, important for body enzyme's system

proteins

compounds made up of long chain amino acids. used as structural components of lean tissues, enzymes and metabolites

fat (lipids)

energy rich food that is chief constituent of plant and animal fat, functions as energy source, essential fatty acid source, carrier of fat-soluble vitamins, etc

maintenance

the needs of the animal that need to be met in order to maintain its body at a constant weight and temperature.

• required feed relatively high in fats and carbohydrates

growth

the process of increasing body weight by adding tissue similar to the tissue already present.

finishing

the final growth and fattening phase of the production of livestock. o Requires higher energy but less protein compared to growth.

work

specialized production function by physical exertion.

production

the output of usable products and services by animals. o Examples include lactation and egg laying.

reproduction

set of actions and biological functions of an animal directed at producing offspring.

monogastrics

one-stomached or simple-stomach animals sucha s pigs and poultry

ruminants

hooved animals that have a complex stomach with four compartments such as cattle, sheep, and goats

Pseudoruminants

hooved animals with 3 compartment stomach such as camels, llamas, and alpacas

biological procedures use animals to test feed

feeding trials, digestion trial, metabolism trials

fistulated cow

cow that has been surgically fitted with a cannula. a porthole that provides access to the ruminant; allowing researchers to preform analysis of the digestive system of the ruminant

ration

the amount of feed offered to an animal during a 24-hour period.

What are the requirements for a balanced ration?

palatable, economical, free of damaging amounts of mold, disease, etc. have no negative effects

dry forages/roughages

bulky feeds containing relatively large amounts of less digestible material that are cut and cured.

silage

feedstuff where the plant has undergone controlled fermentation that produces acids which kill off bacteria, mold, and other destructive organisms.

ensiling

the process of producing silage from forage under anaerobic conditions.

common misconception associated with silage?

improves nutritive content of the feed

energy feeds

cereal grains and the by-products of cereal grains, fruits, and nuts. often fed to increase energy in diet but not main source

the most common energy feed used in the United States.

corn

non-nutritive additives

feed ingredients that are added to the ration for some reason other than for the nutritive value. (antibiotics, coloring agent, flavors, etc)

function for non-nutritive additives

stimulate growth/performance, improve feed efficiency, enhance health, alter metabolism

disease

any state other than a state of complete health

pathology

the study of essential nature of disease

etiology

the study of the cause of disease

pathogen

any lviing disease-producing agent such as bacteria and viruses

Disease is often caused by a combination of

• predisposing causes (stress factors)

• direct causes

• resistance

predisposing causes (stress factors)

any condition which causes an animal to be susceptible or prone to disease (nutritional, genetic, environmental)

direct causes

the exposure of an animal to a pathogen or substance that can cause a decrease in the animal’s health (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)

resistance

the natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins, irritants or poisons

differential diagnosis

steps used to identify the disease responsible for the animal’s clinical signs

surface barriers

first line of defense outside of the body to prevent the pathogen from entering the body

immune system

body’s internal defense system against pathogens if they can enter the body despite protective surface barrier

innate immune

body’s first defense against infections that manage to enter despite surface barriers

adaptive immunity

defense that allows the body to recognize infections that it has previously encountered and therefore the body have a faster and stronger response

vaccination

inoculation that causes an animal’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity against a pathogen

passive immunity

antibodies that are transferred to an animal from its mother to its offspring

herd health management program

a comprehensive and herd-specific program of health management practices

all in, all out animal management

management program where all animals are added to a facility at the same time and then removed at the same time

inheritance

method by which genes are passed from one generation to the next

codominance

when neither allele masks the other and both are displayed (a speckled cow with brown and white)

incomplete dominance

one allele doesn’t completely mask the other ( black and white = grey)

inbreeding

the mating of closely related individuals

line breeding

a form of inbreeding where the relationship of an individual is kept close to an outstanding ancestor by having the ancestor appear multiple times on both sides of the pedigree

outbreeding

mating of less closely related individuals when compared to the average population

cross breeding

the mating of animals of diverse genetic backgrounds within the same species

interspecific hybridization

the mating of animals of different but related species (tiger + lion = liger)