Geography Exam

Grade 9

What are the 5 Themes of Geography?

Location, Place, Human–Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

Where something is located (absolute or relative)

What is Location?

What an area is like (climate, population, landscape, job

What is Place?

How humans use, change, or protect the environment

What is Human–Environment Interaction?

Movement of people, goods, resources, and ideas

What is Movement?

An area with shared physical or human characteristics

What is a Region?

Ottawa

What is Canada’s national capital?

Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario

Name the Great Lakes.

Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic

Name Canada’s oceans.

A 3D model of Earth that is most accurate

What is a Globe?

Flat world map good for navigation but distorts size

What is a Mercator projection?

Mid-latitude countries like Canada

What is a Conic projection best for?

Cardinal and intermediate directions

What does a compass rose show?

0° latitude dividing North and South

What is the Equator?

0° longitude dividing East and West

What is the Prime Meridian?

Where the calendar date changes

What is the International Date Line?

Earth’s tilt causes seasons

Why are 23.5° N and 23.5° S important?

24

How many time zones are there in the world?

15°

How many degrees are in one time zone?

Countries adjust them for convenience

Why aren’t time zones straight lines?

Elevation

What do contour lines show?

Steep slope

What do close contour lines mean?

Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Cordillera, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence, Appalachian, Hudson Bay–Arctic Lowlands, Innuitian Mountains

Name Canada’s 7 landform regions.

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands

Which landform has the highest population?

Flat land, good climate, water access, transportation

Why is the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence highly populated?

Daily atmospheric conditions

What is its weather? glslwl

Long-term average weather patterns

What is its climate? glslwl

Temperature (line) and precipitation (bars)

What do climate graphs show?

Latitude, elevation, water, ocean currents, landforms

Name factors that affect climate.

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

What are the three rock types?

From magma or lava

How is igneous rock formed?

Deciduous lose leaves; coniferous keep needles

Difference between deciduous and coniferous trees?

Fishing, farming, mining, forestry

Give examples of primary industries

Steel, construction, car manufacturing

Give examples of secondary industries.

Service-based jobs

What is a tertiary industry?

Technology, lifestyle changes, service economy

Why do most Canadians work in tertiary industries?

Hardwood = deciduous; softwood = coniferous

Difference between hardwood and softwood?

Grows slower and is harder to harvest

Why is hardwood more expensive?

Metallic, non-metallic, energy

Name the three types of minerals.

Open-pit is surface; shaft is underground

Difference between open-pit and shaft mining?

Primary processing, secondary processing, finished product

What are the three stages of manufacturing?

Population, transportation, markets

Why is Ontario strong in secondary industries?

Moves resources, products, and workers

Why is transportation important to all industries?

Population ÷ land area

What is population density?

Where people live

What is population distribution?

Movement of people from one place to another

What is migration?

Age and gender structure

What does a population pyramid show?

People who rely on the workforce (elderly + children)

What is dependency load?

Jobs, services, education

Why have people moved to cities?

Cities spreading outward into rural land

What is urban sprawl?

Pollution, traffic, loss of farmland

Problems caused by urban sprawl?

Meeting today’s needs without harming the future

What is sustainability?

Fossil fuels pollute; green energy is renewable

Fossil fuels vs green energy?

Limited supply and essential for life

Why is fresh water precious?

Humans must meet their needs while protecting the environment through conservation and sustainability

What is the BIG IDEA of the course?

Steel, car manufacturing, or construction

What is a secondary industry example you should know?

• Uses iron ore

• Needed for buildings, cars, and infrastructure

• Supports many other industries

Why is the steel industry important to Canada?

• gets raw materials directly from nature (farming, fishing, mining, and forestry)

Primary Sector

• turns raw materials into products through manufacturing and construction (making steel, cars, or buildings)

Secondary Sector

• provides services to people and businesses, retail, healthcare, education, and government.

Tertiary Sector

Primary gets raw materials, secondary makes products, and tertiary provides services.

Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary

Retail Sector

a product/job being brought into canada

infrastructure

systems that form economy (roads, bridges, electricity)

semi finished product

a product that’s not yet to be sold: must be further processed