Anatomy Block 2 `

How many vertebrae are there in the thoracic sections?

12

How many vertebrae are there in the cervical sections?

7

How many vertebrae are there in the lumbar sections?

5

How many vertebrae are there in the sacral sections?

5

How many vertebrae are there in the coccygeal sections?

4-5

How many vertebrae are ther?

33-34

What is the function of the Intervertebral disks?

absorb shock

– assure no friction between the bones

– facilitate the movements of the vertebral column

What are the primary curvatures?

Thoracic and sacral

Are thoraic and sacarl convex or concave?

convex posteriorly

What curvatures are there when we are born?

thoracic and sacral

What are Secondary curvatures?

Cervical and lumbar curvatures

What are the curvatures that develop once we begin to walk?

Cervical and lumbar curvatures

Are Cervical and lumbar convex or concave?

concave posteriorly

What is Kyphosis?

thoracic spine curves outward

What is lordosis?

lumbar spine curves inwardW

What is scolosis?

spine is “S” shapes or “C” shaped

What is a characteristic of the first seven cervical vertebrae?

Smallest and lightest vertebrae

What is the atlas?

C1

What does the atlas lack?

body and spinous process

What is the function of the skul?

Supports the skull, Allows flexion and extension of neck

What does the superior articular facets recieve in the atlas?

occipital condyles

What is the axis?

C2

In the axis what projects superiorly?

Dens (odontoid process)

What is the function of the Dens (odontoid process) ?

Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull

How is the Dens (odontoid process) formed?

from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis

A fracture of the Dens is typically a fracture of ?

C2

What vertebrae has heart shaped bodies from the superior view?

thoracic vertebrae

What thoracic vertebraw has a full face of the first rib?

T1

What thoracic vertebrae has only a single facet?

T10-T12

What is the purpose of the Inferior articular processes point anteriorly in the thoracic vertebraw?

Allows rotation and prevents flexion and extension

What vertebraw has their bodies thick and robust?

lumabr

What is the shape of the Vertebral foramina in the lumbar vertebraw?

triangular

What is the purpose that Superior and inferior articular facets directly medially int eh lumbar vertebrae?

Allows flexion and extension—rotation prevented

What shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis?

sacrum

how many vertebrae are fused in the sacrum?

5

Superiorly what does the sacrum articulate with?

L5

Infiriorly what does the sacrum articulate with?

coccyx

What is Sacral promontory?

Where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity

Center of gravity is _____ posterior to sacral promontory

1 cm

How many bones are fused to create a fused vertebrae of the coccyx?

3-5

What hppens if there is an injury to the coccygeal vertebrae?

it can be painful delievering children

What is Coccydynia?

pain in the coccyx

In an intervetral disk what is the sofy jelly like substance nucleus called?

Nucleus Pulposus

In an intervetral disk what is the outer tense part called?

Anulus Fibrosus

How much length does the intevetral disk attribute to the spine?

20%

Where does hernation occur most of the time?

posterolaterally where the Anulus Fibrosus is thinner

What are the major supporting ligaments of the spine?

Anterior longitudinal ligament and Posterior longitudinal ligament

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Attaches to vertebrae body and intervertebral discs

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Prevents hyperextension

To what does the posterior longitudinak ligament attach toi?

intervertebral discs

What is the Transverse ligament of atlas?

between the two lateral masses

What is pical ligament of the dens?

attaches to anterior margin of foramen magnum

What is Alar ligaments?

from dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum

What are the muscles in the superficial layer?

consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi

What are the muscles in the Deep layer?

include the levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major

What is the “Intermediate” extrinsic back muscles layer?

serratus posterior superior and inferior

What are the three parts of the trapezius?

Descending, Transverse, Ascending

What is the innervation of the trapezisus muscle?

CN XI and C3-C4 (proprioception and pain)

What is the purpose of the trapezius muscle?

elevation, retraction and rotation of scapula. Helps in adduction and slight elevation of arm

What is the purpose of the Rhomboid Major and Minor?

press the scapula to the thoracic wall, retraction of scapula medially

What is the innervation of the Rhomboid Major and Minor?

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)W

What is the purpose of the Levator Scapulae?

elevates the scapula

What is the innervation of the Levator Scapulae?

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

What is the nickname of the Latissimus dorsi?

Coughing mucle

What is the purpose of the Latissimus dorsi?

Adduction and lowering the arm, medial rotation and extension of the arm (humerus) Raises the body toward the arm when climbing

What is the innervation of the Latissimus dorsi?

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

What is the function of Serratus Posterior Inferior?

rib depression

What is the purpose of the Serratus Posterior Superior?

rib elevation

Why are “Intermediate” extrinsic back muscles called that?

due to location. Between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

What is the innervation of the Serratus Posterior Inferior and superior?

intercostal nerves

What ar the Superficial intrinsic back muscles?

Splenius cervicis and capitis

What are the Intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

Iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, cervicis; Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis, Spinalis thoracis and cervicis

What are the Lateral group muscles in the Intermediate intrinsic back muscles group?

Iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, cervicis; and Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis

What are the Medial group muscles in the Intermediate intrinsic back muscles group?

Spinalis thoracis and cervicis

What is the Vertebrobasilar syndrome?

temporary ischemia to posterior brain

What is the white matter in the spinal cords?

Composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons

What are the types of fibers in the spinal cord?

Commissural fibers, Ascending fibers, Descending fibers-

What is the difference between Ascending fibers and Descending fibers?

ascending fibers are toward CNS and Descending fibers are away from the CNS

What are the different parts of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

SS, VS, VM, SM

What is Somatic?

conduct impulses from/to skin or skeletal muscle

What is visceral?

conduct impulses from/to internal organs

What is a lumbar puncture?

Done at L4-L5 region. The intercristal line (iliac crests) is at the level of L4 approximately (safe region).

What is a epidural anesthetic?

administered in the epidural space within the adipose to reach the nerve roots and is usually administered at the same levels as the lumbar puncture.

What is Paralysis?

loss of motor function

What is Paresthesia?

loss of sensation

What is Paraplegia?

injury to the spinal cord is between T1 and L, paralyssi of the lower limbs

What is Quadriplegia?

injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region, paralysis of the four limbs

What is Spina Bifida?

Failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse, Usually In lumbar or sacral vertebrae

What is a side effect of having Spina Bifida?

meningocele or meningomyelocele

What is meningomyelocele?

meninges plus spinal cord bulge out

What is meningocele?

just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal

What descreases the risk of Spina Bifida in pregnancy?

Folic acid substitution

What is the difference between a lumbar puncture and a epidural anesthesia?

in epidural anesthesia the needle enters the epidural space while in a lumbar puncture the needle enters the subarachnoid space

What are the contents in the Suboccipital Triangle?

Suboccipital nerve , III part of the vertebral artery, Suboccipital venous plexus

What is the Cauda equina?

bundle of nerves inside the spinal canal of the lower back (lumbar and sacral region) just below where the main spinal cord ends.

How many nerves are there in the cervical region?

8 pairs

How many nerves are there in the thoracic region?

12 pairs

How many nerves are there in the lumbar region?

5 pairs

How many nerves are there in the sacral region?

5 pairs

How many nerves are there in the coccyneal region?

1 pair