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major devisions of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
the brain and spinal cord are supplemented by/also include:
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid
ventricles
What are meninges
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; provide a tight anchoring of the CNS to the surrounding bones able to prevent side-to-side movement and providing stability
What are ventricles
fluid filled spaces in the brain
what is cerebral spinal fluid
Forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy the the CNS organs. Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight. Protects the CNS and blows other traumas. Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it.
Parts of the brain
medulla oblongata pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus limbic system
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
pons
the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
sleep and arousal
cerrebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
midbrain
Region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; it is important for hearing and sight.
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
-information relay station. All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral cortex for interpretation. Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward, our fight or flight response, activate sympathetic nervous system
releasing hormones. maintaining daily physiological cycles. controlling appetite. managing sexual behavior. regulating emotional responses. regulating body temperature.
limbic system
associated with emotions and drives
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, hypothalamus, and mammillary body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
include/composed of:
Cranial and Spinal Nerves Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
*contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
what does the peripheral nervous system's somatic and autonomic nervous systems both contain?
Afferent Nerves and Efferent Nerves
afferent nerves (sensory nerves)
Nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors
*blue
efferent nerves (motor nerves)
nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body
*red
What are the part of the autonomic nervous system' efferent nerves?
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Three parts of the brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Five parts of the spinal cord?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
Meninge order?
Scalp to skull to dura mater, to arachnoid mater, to subarachnoid space, then pia mater, then brain
The Four Ventricles
Lateral ventricle, Third Ventricle, Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth Ventricle
Dura Mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater
middle layer of the meninges; cushions the brain
Pia Mater
the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord, like plastic wrap, very pliable, gets into all indentations of surface of brain
supply your brain tissue with blood
Five Major divisions of the human brain
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon (midbrain), Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon
Telencephalon
limbic system Cerebral Cortex *forebrain
Diencephalon contains
Thalamus and hypothalamus *forebrain
Mesencephalon (midbrain) contains
tectum and tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct *midbrain
Metencephalon (hindbrain)
pons, cerebellum, fourth ventricle
Myelencephalon contains (medulla oblongata)
medulla oblongata *hindbrain
Telecephalon function
receives input from entire cerebral cortex
very important in starting, stopping + monitoring movement, especially slow repetitive movements like arm swinging when walking
also regulate intensity of movement so we can do several activities at once -Communication and Language Function
Diencephalon function
memory processing and emotional response
primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control
Mesencephalon (midbrain) function
functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
Metencephalon function
handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing
sensory innervation to face initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature
consists of the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter (commissural, association, and projection fibers), and basal nuclei.
Myelencephalon function
responsible for basic life support functions like respiration and heart rate
Identify the neuroanatomical directions (10)
Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Dorsal Ventral Rostral Caudal
Anterior
In front of; toward the face
Posterior
Behind, toward the back
Superior
Above; toward the head
Inferior
Below; toward the feet
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Toward the edge
Dorsal
Toward the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord
Ventral
Toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord
Rostral
Toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord
Caudal
Toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord
Cervical spine
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Thoraric Spine
the middle section of your spine
Lumbar spine
The sacral spine consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae. It is easily distinguishable as an upside-down triangular shape. The two lateral surfaces (sides) are smooth for articulation (loose connection) with the iliac bones of the pelvis.
Coccygeal Spine
the region of the coccyx (tailbone), 4 vertebrae
Cerebral Cortex Lobes (4)
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
Association Cortexes (5)
Amygdala. Hippocampus. Thalamus. Sensory Cortex. Visual Cortex
Lateral Ventricle
a complex C-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain
Third Ventricle
The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle.
Cerebral Aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles
Fourth Ventricle
the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord
Frontal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Frontal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Parietal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.
Primary somatosensory cortex
Association cortex
Occipital Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
Primary visual cortex Association cortex
Temporal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
Primary auditory cortex Association cortex
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
Thalamus
relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex
Sensory Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Visual Cortex
The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.
Brain Lobes (4)
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Rostral
toward the nose
Neuraxis
an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain
Types of neural planes and sections
the sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane
Sagittal Plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Cornonal Plane
divides body into front and back
Transverse Plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Cervical Nerves (8 pairs)
8 pairs; They siminulate muscle movements in your neck, shoulder, arm and hand, and provide sensation
Thoracic nerves (12 pairs)
12 pairs; network of nerves in your shoulders that carries movement and sensory signals from your spinal cord to your arms and hands.
Lumbar Nerves (5 pairs)
5 pairs; nerves run down from your lower back and merge with other nerves to form a network of nerves that control pain signals and the movements of your lower limbs
Sacral Nerves (5 pairs)
5 pairs; provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis
Coccygeal nerve (1 pair)
1 pair; sensory and motor innervation to their respective dermatomes and myotomes. They also provide partial innervation to several pelvic organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder, and prostate.
Ventricle Order
lateral, 3rd, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle
Order of the brain specific (front to back)
telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon, mesencephalon (midbrain), metencephalon, myelencephalon (medulla), spinal cord
Order of the brain general (front to back)
forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (metencephalon, myelencephalon ), spinal cord
Primary Motor Cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement- feet, trunk, hands, finger, face, lip
integration of motor commands with the ongoing somatic sensory state of the body,
Primary Sensory Cortex
regions of the parietal lobe that initially process information from the senses- feet, trunk, hands, finger, face, lip
Association Cortex
higher order (executive) function planning thinking and worrying language production working memory
Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)
has association cortex
• impulsivity control • personality • understanding of social norms (-our decisions on how we will react in social situations) • processing reward information
Parietal (lobe) Cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex: • process somatic sensations • detect touch • proprioception (body position) • nociception (pain) • temperature Association cortex: • body awareness • kinesthesis • mathematical calculations • aspects of reading & writing
such as combining sound, appearance, and function of words
Temporal (lobe) Cortex
Primary auditory cortex: • first relay station for auditory information • awareness of sound Association cortex: • auditory processing • language processing • interprets speech
Occipital (lobe) Cortex
Primary visual cortex: • detection of static object • detection of moving object • pattern recognition Association cortex: • complex processing • visual interpretation • spatial relation between objects
Tectum
superior colliculi (visual relay)
inferior colliculi (auditory relay)
Tegmentum
rostral end of reticular formation (arousal system)
periaqueductal gray area (mediates analgesia)
substantia nigra (sensorimotor system)
ventral tegmental area (reward system)
red nucleus (sensorimotor system)
Mammillary Body
one of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus
recollective memory. Memory information begins within the hippocampus
Septum
a thin membrane located at the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres, or halves of the brain. It is connected to the corpus callosum -- a collection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres.
Fornix
a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body
a white matter bundle located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
Cingulate Cortex
primary cortical component of the limbic system, involved in emotional and cognitive processing
Note
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