Endocrine disorders

hyposecretion

production of hormone in very low quantities

causes of hyposecretion

• tumors or lesions

• autoimmune diseases

• absence

• underdevelopment

what type of endocrine problem can result from a sphenoid fracture?

hypo secretion due to damage to the hypothalami-hypophyseal tract

what is the MOI in sphenoid fracture related hyposecretion?

trauma to the sphenoid bone

what structure is severed in a sphenoid fracture that affects hormone release?

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

which hormone becomes hypo secreted after the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract is severed?

ADH (antiduretic hormone)

what condition results from ADH hypo secretion following a sphenoid fracture?

diabetes insipidus due to loss of the kidneys water conserving function

hypersecretion

excessive production of hormones

causes of hypersecretion

• tumors

• autoimmune diseases

• long term clinical administration of hormones

what is toxic goiter (graves disease)?

autoimmune disorder causiing hyper secretion of thyroid hormone

what is the MOI of graves disease?

autoimmune, autoantibodies bind ti and mimin TSH receptors

what is the result of these autoantibodies mimicking TSH?

continuous stimulation of the thyroid→TH hypersecretion (hyperthyroidism)

What is acromegaly?

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adulthood

What is gigantism?

Excessive height and body growth caused by GH hypersecretion during childhood (before epiphyseal plates close)

What is pituitary dwarfism?

GH hyposecretion in childhood, leading to reduced growth and short stature

What is the usual cause of pituitary dwarfism?

Damage to the pituitary gland or congenital underdevelopment.

What is the usual cause of gigantism?

A pituitary adenoma producing excess growth hormone.

What causes acromegaly?

a pituitary adenoma (tumor) that overproduces GH (growth hormone)

what is endemic goiter?

enlargement of the thyroid

what causes endemic goiter?

• iodine deficiency

• thyroid can’t make TH so TSH rises and thyroid grows

what is congenital hypothyroidism?

TH hypo secretion present at birth

what causes congenital hypothyroidism?

• thyroid gland malformation

• iodine deficiency during pregnancy

• maternal autoimmune issues

what is myxedema?

severe adult hypothyroidism

what is the cause of myxedema?

untreated or chronic TH hyposecretion

what is hypoparathyroidism?

too little PTH

what causes hypoparathyroidism?

accidental removal or damage to the parathyroids

what is hyperparathyroidism?

excessive PTH secretion

what causes hyperparathyroidism?

parathyroid tumor or hyperplasia causing overproduction of PTH

what is Cushing syndrome?

disorder caused by cortisol hypersecetion

causes of Cushing syndrome

• excess ACTH

• adrenal cortex tumor producing cortisol

• long-term corticosteroid medication

what is adrenogenital syndrome?

disorder cause by excess adrenal androgens

what is the cause of adrenogentical syndrome?

adrenal cortex hyper secretion of androgens, usually due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia or an adrenal tumor

what are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

• alarm reaction

• stage of resistance

• stage of exhaustion

what happens during the alarm reaction?

sudden release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight response)

what hormone dominates the stage of resistance?

cortisol

what is the main effect of the stage of resistance?

long-term stress response using fats/proteins for fuel and suppressing immunity

what characterizes the stage of exhaustion?

• fat reserves depleted

• protein breakdown

• electrolyte imbalance

• organ failure risk

what system activates the alarm stage of the stress response?

sympathetic nervous system

which hormones are released during the alarm stage?

norepinephrine and epinephrine

what does alarm stage prepare the body for?

fight or flight

what energy source is used during the alarm stage?

stored glycogen is consumed

what other hormone levels increase during the alarm stage?

aldosterone and angiotensin