Theories of Personality Bandura

observation

Albert Bandura believed that _____ allows people to learn without performing any behavior.

Modeling

Albert Bandura believed that _____ involves symbolically representing information and storing it for use at a future time.

False

True or false: Albert Bandura claimed that people are more likely to model low-status people rather than those of high-status.

Attention

Albert Bandura believed that the nature of the behavior being modeled affects an individual's:

Representation

Albert Bandura believed that symbolic _____ need not be verbal, because some observations are retained in imagery and can be summoned in the absence of the physical model.

observational

According to Albert Bandura, _____ learning is much more efficient than learning through direct experience.

cognitive representations

Albert Bandura believed that in converting _____ into appropriate actions, one must ask themselves several questions about the behavior to be modeled.

modeling

According to Albert Bandura, learning through _____ involves adding and subtracting from the observed behavior and generalizing from one observation to another.

motivation

Albert Bandura believed that performance is facilitated by _____ to enact the particular behavior that is observed.

True

True or false: According to Albert Bandura, the greater the value an observer places on a behavior, the more likely the observer will acquire that behavior.

reinforce behavior

As prescribed by Albert Bandura, a third consequence of responses serve to _____.

attend

According to Albert Bandura, people have more opportunities to observe individuals with whom they frequently associate because of which they are most likely to _____ to those people.

represented

According to Albert Bandura, in order for observation to lead to new response patterns, those patterns must be symbolically _____ in memory

triadic reciprocal causation

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory explains psychological functioning in terms of _____.

produce behavior

According to Albert Bandura, after attending to a model and retaining what they have observed, people then _____.

Motivated

According to Albert Bandura, observational learning is most effective when learners are _____ to perform the modeled behavior.

response consequences

According to Albert Bandura, _____ inform people of the effects of their actions.

fortuitous event

According to Albert Bandura, a _____ is an environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended.

agentic

Social cognitive theory takes an _____ view of personality, meaning that humans have the capacity to exercise control over their own lives.

chance encounter

Albert Bandura defined _____ as an unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.

human agency

According to Albert Bandura, _____ does not mean that people possess a homunculus—that is, an autonomous agent—making decisions that are consistent with their view of self.

self-reactiveness

According to Albert Bandura, people are also capable of _____ in the process of motivating and regulating their own actions.

self-efficacy

In the triadic reciprocal causal model, which postulates that the environment, behavior, and person have an interactive influence on one another, _____ refers to the P (person) factor.

actions outcomes

Albert Bandura believed that self-efficacy is not the expectation of an individual's ___

human agency

According the Bandura, blank, is the essence of humanness

mastery experiences

With regard to _____, successful performance raises efficacy expectancies.

forethought

Albert Bandura believed that people also possess _____ to set goals, to anticipate likely outcomes of their actions, and to select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes and avoid undesirable ones.

self-efficacy

Albert Bandura believed that _____ combines with environment, prior behavior, and other personal variables, especially outcome expectations, to produce behavior.

social modeling

A second source of efficacy is _____, that is, vicarious experiences provided by other people.

efficacy; outcome expectancy

According to Albert Bandura, _____ refers to people's confidence that they have the ability to perform certain behaviors, whereas _____ refers to one's prediction of the likely consequences of that behavior.

mastery experiences

Albert Bandura believed that the most influential sources of self-efficacy are _____, that is, past performances.

within one's repertoire of behavior

Boosting self-efficacy through social persuasion will be effective only if the activity that one is being encouraged to try is _____.

observes the accomplishments of another person of equal competence

In the context of social modeling, an individual's self-efficacy is raised when an individual _____.

action's outcomes

Albert Bandura believed that self-efficacy is not the expectation of an individual's ____

Blank 1: social

Blank 2: persuasion

Self-efficacy can also be acquired or weakened through under proper conditions, such as, a person must believe the persuader.

physiological and emotional states

According to Albert Bandura, the final source of efficacy is people's _____

proxy

According to Albert Bandura, the indirect control over social conditions that affect everyday living is referred to as ___.

collective efficacy

The confidence people have that their combined efforts will bring about group accomplishments is also known as _____.

own behavior

In the context of self-regulation, external factors provide a standard for evaluating one's _____.

the sociability or morality of one's conduct.

In interpersonal situations, such as meeting new acquaintances or reporting on events, one monitors _____.

emotional arousal

For some situations, _____, if not too intense, is associated with increased performance, so that moderate anxiety experienced in that situation raises efficacy expectancies.

proxy

The downside of _____ is that by relying too much on the competence and power of others, people may weaken their sense of personal and collective efficacy.

standards for evaluation

In the context of self-regulation, environmental factors, interacting with personal influences, shape individual _____

Self-observation

The first internal factor in self-regulation is _____ of performance.

goals they have set for themselves

People are capable not only of reflective self-awareness but also of judging the worth of their actions on the basis of _____.

self-reaction

According to Albert Bandura, the third and final internal factor in self-regulation is _____.

moral standards of conduct

Albert Bandura believed that people regulate their actions through _____.

Redefine the behavior

According to Albert Bandura, what do people do to justify otherwise reprehensible actions by a cognitive restructuring to allow themselves to minimize or escape responsibility?

distorting

A method of avoiding responsibility involves _____ or obscuring the relationship between the behavior and its detrimental consequences.

judgemental

The process that helps people regulate their behavior through the exercise of cognitive mediation is referred to as the _____ process.

measure up to their personal standards

In the context of self-reaction, people respond positively or negatively to their behaviors depending on how these behaviors _____.

selective activation

According to Albert Bandura, self-regulatory influences are not automatic but operate only if they are activated, such a concept is referred to as _____.

Euphemistic labeling

Politicians who promised not to raise taxes before being elected speak of "revenue enhancement" when they want to raise taxes. Which of the following techniques for redefining behavior does their behavior exemplify?

true

True or false: When they are not dehumanized, victims are sometimes blamed for the perpetrator's culpable conduct.

diffuse responsibility

The fourth method of dissociating actions from their consequences is to displace or _____.

deppressed people

_____ tend to exaggerate their past mistakes and minimize their prior accomplishments, a tendency that perpetuates their depression.

berate their own performance

Depressed people continue to _____ even when they achieve success in the eyes of others.

attributing blame to them

People can obscure responsibility for their actions by either dehumanizing their victims or _____.

false

True or false: The self-reactions of depressed individuals are quite similar to those of nondepressed persons.

phobia

Fear that is strong enough and pervasive enough to have severe debilitating effects on one's daily life is referred to as ____

punishment

According to Albert Bandura, some people aggress because they receive injury or harm for not behaving aggressively. This is an example of _____.

self-observation

In the context of depression, people can misjudge their own performance or distort their memory of past accomplishments during _____.

faulty judgments

Depressed people are likely to make _____ by setting their standards unrealistically high

eliminating behaviors that are satisfying to the person

Therapeutic change is difficult because it involves _____.

treat themselves badly for their shortcomings

Depressed people not only judge themselves harshly, but they are also inclined to _____.

lack of motivation

With reference to diabetes patients, one of the hallmark traits of depression is a _____, and given the strict diet and exercise plan diabetes patients must adhere to, it is particularly problematic for those trying to manage diabetes.

social cognitive learning principles

According to Albert Bandura, deviant behaviors are initiated on the basis of _____.

self-efficacy

The results of the study conducted by William Sacco and his colleagues demonstrated that higher levels of _____ in Type 2 diabetes patients were related to lower levels of depression, increased adherence to doctors' orders, lower BMI, and fewer and decreased severity of diabetes symptoms.

observational learning

Albert Bandura has helped to produce serial dramas that encourage evidence-based positive change behaviors for television and radio audiences to model via _____.

Overall levels of moral disengagement are higher in boys than in girls.

Gini, Pozzoli, and Hymel (2014) conducted an important meta-analysis of 27 developmental research studies on the relationship between Bandura's predictors of moral disengagement and bullying in school-aged children and adolescents. Which of the following was a finding of this analysis?

efficacy

Mass media productions that encourage evidence-based positive change behaviors have been shown to improve viewers' perceived _____ to determine their family size, increase the use of contraceptives, and promote the status of women in family, social, and educational lif