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These flashcards review the essential concepts on polymers and monomers, protein structure and function, nucleic acid composition and properties, enzyme kinetics and regulation, and lipid types and roles.
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What reaction joins monomers into polymers in biological molecules?
Dehydration synthesis
What reaction breaks polymers into monomers?
Hydrolysis.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
How many naturally occurring amino acids are there, and which must be obtained in the diet?
21
Which property of an amino acid’s R-group most strongly influences protein folding?
Polar (hydrophilic) and non-Polar (hydrophobic).
What level of protein structure is defined solely by the order of amino acids?
Primary
Which two common motifs make up secondary protein structure?
Alpha helix and beta pleated
What term describes the 3-D folding of a single polypeptide chain? (structure)
Tertiary
What level of structure is formed when two or more polypeptide chains associate?
Quaternary
Give two examples of structural proteins.
Keratin and collagen
Which protein hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Which protein transports oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
What is the composition of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous, pentose sugar, phosphate group.
A nitrogenous base attached to a sugar, without a phosphate group.
Nucleoside
Which sugar is found in DNA and in RNA, respectively?
DNA: deoxyribose, RNA: contains ribose.
State the base-pairing rules for DNA and RNA.
A-T, G-C
What type of bond links nucleotides along a DNA strand?
Phosphodiester
What bonds hold complementary bases together across the DNA double helix?
Hydrogen
What term describes the separation of DNA strands by heat or low salt?
Denaturation
A protein catalyst that speeds up biological reactions without being consumed.
Enzyme
They are not considered true polymers. They are not built from repeating monomer units linked in long chains.
Lipids
One glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. Molecules form this.
Fats or Triglyceride
Which lipid forms the primary fabric of cell membranes?
Phospholipids