Biological Molecules – Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Enzymes & Lipids

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These flashcards review the essential concepts on polymers and monomers, protein structure and function, nucleic acid composition and properties, enzyme kinetics and regulation, and lipid types and roles.

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25 Terms

1
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What reaction joins monomers into polymers in biological molecules?

Dehydration synthesis

2
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What reaction breaks polymers into monomers?

Hydrolysis.

3
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What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

4
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What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acid

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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

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How many naturally occurring amino acids are there, and which must be obtained in the diet?

21

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Which property of an amino acid’s R-group most strongly influences protein folding?

Polar (hydrophilic) and non-Polar (hydrophobic).

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What level of protein structure is defined solely by the order of amino acids?

Primary

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Which two common motifs make up secondary protein structure?

Alpha helix and beta pleated

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What term describes the 3-D folding of a single polypeptide chain? (structure)

Tertiary

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What level of structure is formed when two or more polypeptide chains associate?

Quaternary

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Give two examples of structural proteins.

Keratin and collagen

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Which protein hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Insulin

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Which protein transports oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin

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What is the composition of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous, pentose sugar, phosphate group.

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A nitrogenous base attached to a sugar, without a phosphate group.

Nucleoside

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Which sugar is found in DNA and in RNA, respectively?

DNA: deoxyribose, RNA: contains ribose.

18
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State the base-pairing rules for DNA and RNA.

A-T, G-C

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What type of bond links nucleotides along a DNA strand?

Phosphodiester

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What bonds hold complementary bases together across the DNA double helix?

Hydrogen

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What term describes the separation of DNA strands by heat or low salt?

Denaturation

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A protein catalyst that speeds up biological reactions without being consumed.

Enzyme

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They are not considered true polymers. They are not built from repeating monomer units linked in long chains.

Lipids

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One glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. Molecules form this.

Fats or Triglyceride

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Which lipid forms the primary fabric of cell membranes?

Phospholipids