DBQ 1

power

the ability to effect change

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory and itself free from the control of other states

legitimacy

an actor or action that is commonly considered acceptable to a population

interdependence

a mutual reliance between states and/or non-state actors in order to access resources that support the current living arrangements

anarchists, communists, socialists, social democrats, greens

ideologies left of the center

communism

a theory based on abolishing state and private property and living in a commune

anarchism

a political theory favoring the abolition of governments

socialism

promote state dominance/public ownership and a classless society

social democracy

a hybrid system combining a capitalist economy and a government that supports equality, supports welfarism and sustainability

greens

promote social and environmental justice

conservatives, Christian-democrats, patriots, fascists, nationalists

ideologies right of the center

conservatives

like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change, focused on individualism, hierarchy, enterprise, and patriotism

Christian-democrats

center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War, emphasize hierarchy and traditionalism

patriots

emphasize individualism, hierarchy, traditionalism, and nationalism

fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality focused on militarism and hierarchy

fish hook theory

the far left is the eye, the far right is the hook which curves around to meet the center in the middle of the fish hook

the center often gravitates towards right-wing politics

what does the fish hook theory represent

double fish hook theory

the far left curves around one way to meet the center while the far right curves around the opposite way to meet the center

both the far left and far right are accommodated into the center

what does the double fish hook theory represent

Hannah Arendt

said that power was the opposite of violence as power is giving people rights and violence is taking away those rights

physical force, wealth, state action, social norms, ideas, numbers

six forms of power according to Eric Liu

Eric Liu

came up with the six forms of power and how the average citizen can harness them as a way of civic empowerment

Antonio Gramsci

created the idea of having periods of hegemony (equilibrium) followed by periods of interregnum (crisis)

Michel Foucault

stated that our ideas about society are formed by the current system of power and therefore knowledge, language and power were inseparable

poststructuralism

when power is studied using language, information, and knowledge

hard power

the reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems

soft power

power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness

smart power

using a combination of hard power and soft power

Joseph Nye

developed theory of soft power

economic power

power necessary for military power that dictates the ability to control resources

structural power

the power to shape societies and social systems

relational power

the ability of one actor to influence another actor or actors

social, cultural, and cyber power

connects populations

realist view on human nature

view on human nature that says we are irrational and ruled by our instincts/nature/feelings and emotions rather than logic and intellect; says that humans are always want more power

Thomas Hobbes

realist who believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority; also said that any ruler as legitimate as long as the citizens of their state are living in a better condition than life did before government

liberal view on human nature

view on human nature that says that despite the bad characteristics of humanity (selfishness, rivalry), humans will modify these characteristics with their morals and therefore they are not fundamentally bad; also favor diplomacy over warfare

John Locke

liberalist thinker who believed that citizens have the right to overthrow their government if it is not defending their rights and also said that humans are blank slates at birth

critical view on human nature

view on human nature that says that our environment determines our personality more than our biology

classical realism

the belief that it is fundamentally the nature of people and the state to act in a way that places interests over ideologies; the drive for power and the will to dominate are held to be fundamental aspects of human nature

structural realism

says that international politics is a competition between states but ignores human nature; says conflict is due to the anarchy of the international system

interdependence

what globalization has increased

constitutionalism, proceduralism, individualism, sanctity of private property, capitalism, separation of church and state, universalism

key tenets of liberalism

idealism

theory that says that reality is only constructed by our minds and that we can only understand politics by first looking at the human mind

materialism

theory that says attributes all human behavior to matter but says that humans always have free will and will always make choices in order to seek happiness

general assembly, security council, secretariat, international court of justice, economic and social council

major organs of the UN

UN

an international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation; the primary source of international law

soft power

type of power the UN has

doesn't respect national sovereignty, non-legitimate, inefficient, bureaucratic

some criticisms of the UN

bureaucratic

insisting on strict rules and routine, often to the point of hindering effectiveness

P-5

the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (the United States, Britain, France, China, and Russia) each of which holds veto power.

international peace-keeper

main role of the UN

WHO, IMF, World Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF

some examples of UN agencies, funds, and programs

WHO

World Health Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

UNICEF

United Nations Children's Fund

IGO

intergovernmental organization

MNC

multinational corporation

NGO

non-governmental organization

trade, finance, travel, communications

according to liberal interdependence theory, both actors and non-state actors are connected by

liberalism

the belief that globalization is the main cause of global politics

globalization

the process by which actors develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

realism

theory that says that the international system in anarchic and that it is essentially every state out for themselves; do not believe in interdependence

no central government, no global police force

why realists say global politics is anarchic

obsessed with their own survival, have to self-help, find it difficult to trust and therefore to cooperate

pillars of realist global politics are that states are

Marxism

theory that says that capitalism is the source of global politics

modes of production

how Marxism defines periods of history

neo-Marxism

theory that says that capitalism drives global politics but also the culture and ideologies of the ruling groups

center center, periphery center, center periphery, periphery periphery

four categories of states according to dependency theory

constructivism

theory that proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

post-colonial theory

an approach that examines the ways in which the colonial past has shaped the social, political, and economic experiences of a colonized country

the state

the bureaucracy and infrastructure that carries out government decision

police, military

examples of the state

a regime

a formalized way of doing politics in a system frame-worked by rules and procedures safeguarded in a constitution

a government

the central executive unit of a political system that makes decisions and policies for an entire state

institutionalization

the the degree to which something is a convention or norm into society

government

least institutionalized in terms of government, regime, and state

state

most institutionalized in terms of government, regime, and state

a state

an independent sovereign political area that functions as one self-contained unit

a nation

a group of people who share a common ethnicity, culture, and language

a nation-state

a state that is organized around the cultural identity and heritage of a particular nation

Uyghers, Sicilians

examples of nations

France, the Netherlands

examples of nation-states

Basques, Kurds

examples of stateless nations

the US, Canada

examples of states that are not nations

Westphalian System

said that each state had full control over its internal affairs

capacity

the ability of a state to fulfill government decisions

autonomy

the ability of a state to carry out government decisions regardless of public opinion

Russia, China

states with high autonomy and high capacity

US, the Netherlands

states with low autonomy and high capacity

Haiti, Yemen

states with low autonomy and low capacity

North Korea, Argentina

states with high autonomy and low capacity

federal state

states where decisions are made both at a national level and a regional/state level

large geographically, high cultural diversity, ecosystemic variation

characteristics of federal states

the US, Mexico

examples of federal states

unitary state

states where sovereignty exists in one political capital and all of the state's political decisions are made there

France, Hungary

examples of unitary states

devolved unitary states/regional states/regionalized unitary states

states that are unitary but recognize a degree of cultural/ethnic difference

Spain, UK

examples of devolved unitary states/regional states/regionalized unitary states