Exam 2 - Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity or perceptions

Dissociative Identity Disorder

An individual has two or more personalities or identities used to cope with extreme life circumstances, causes major memory gaps

Dissociative Amnesia

inability to remember personal details or experiences —> result of traumatic or stressful life event

Fugue state

travel or wander without knowing their identity

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

person experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of derealization/depersonalization

depersonalization

individual feels detached from their own body

derealization

individual has feelings of unreality and detached from their surroundings/environment

somatic symptoms

symptoms involving physical problems and concerns about medical symptoms

soma

body

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Disorder involving real physical symptoms, without medical cause accompanied by maladaptive thoughts, behaviors, feelings

• test results must come back normal not indicating a medical condition

• symptoms must be present for at least 6 months

age somatic symptom disorder starts to appear

patients are diagnosed before age 30

Somatic Symptom disorders are not a result of…

conscious malingering (fabricating or exaggerating symptoms for secondary motive) or factitious disorders (deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms)

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Hypochondriac - disorder concerning misinterpretations of normal bodily functions as signs of serious illness

• pre-occupied with concern of developing serious illness

• unsatisfied with normal medical tests and reassurance by physicians

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

Conversion Disorder —> transformation of emotional stressful life events or conflict into physical symptoms

conversion

transformation of psychological conflict into physical symptoms

Physical Ailments of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

• pseudoseizures

• disorders of movement

• sensory disorders

• paralysis

• weakness

malingering

deliberately fabricating physical and psychological symptoms for some ulterior motive; want direct gain or reward

Motives:

• less work or anxiety

• monetary gain

• other direct benefits from being sick or injured

Fictitious disorder imposed on self

faking symptoms/disorder for no particular gain, but to maintain sick role (Munchausen’s syndrome)

Fictitious disorder imposed on another

inducing physical symptoms in person under another’s care (Munchausen’s by proxy)

factitious disorder for secondary gain

secondary gain: sympathy and attention a person receives from other people —> internally driven

What are Dissociative and Conversion disorders are nearly always precipitated by what?

prior trauma

Main treatment for Dissociative and Conversion Disorders

1. CBT

2. Hypnotherapy & Medication

stress

unpleasant emotional reaction when an event is perceived as threatening

stressful life event

an event that disrupts the individual’s life

coping

the process through which people reduce stress in a healthy manner

daily hassles

minor events that can add up and cause significant stress that can impair mental health

problem-focused coping

steps an individual takes in reducing stress by changing whatever it is about the situation

emotion-focused coping

coping in which a person does not change anything about the situation itself, but instead tries to improve feelings about the situation

Type-A Behavior Pattern

a pattern of behaviors that include being hard-driving, competitive, impatient, cynical and suspicious, easily irritated, and hostile toward others

Type-D

people who experience emotions that include anxiety, irritation, and deppressed mood

feeding disorder

extreme food selectivity

behaviors related to eating disorders but not feeding disorders

• body dysmorphia

• negative body talk

• body-checking

• frequent weighing

eating disorders

disturbances of eating or eating related behavior that results in changes in consumption or absorption of food

compensatory behaviors

self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse

anorexia nervosa

inability to gain or maintain normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body perception

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder involving alternation between extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time then compensating for extra calories by vomiting or other extremes to avoid gaining weight

binge-eating

eating an excess amount of food in short period of time

purging

Inappropriate methods of compensating for added calories; vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, other medications, fasting or excessive excercise

binge-eating disorder

ingestion of large amounts of food in a short amount of time, even when full and lack of control over what and how much is eaten

• must engage in binges at least 2 times a week for 6 months

• usually significantly overweight

• no purging

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)

applicable to individuals who are experiencing significant distress due to symptoms that are similar to disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder, but who do not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis

biopsychosocial perspective

believed to be a genetic vulnerability combined with experiences with eating, body image, exposure to sociocultural influence

biological

studying the role of dopamine

psychological

binge eaters feel relief from depression and anxiety

social

social activities usually paired with food

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

a person avoids or limits certain foods because of sensory issues or fear of negative effects from eating.

• They may show little interest in food, leading to weight loss, poor nutrition, or needing supplements or feeding tube

• not about physical appearance

Pica

a condition in which a person eats inedible substances such as dirt or feces, commonly associated with developmental disabilities.

rumination disorder

eating disorder in which infant or child regurgitates food after its been swallowed then spits it out or re-swallows it

elimination disorders

characterized by age-inappropriate incontinence beginning in childhood

enuresis

elimination disorder in which the individual is incontinent of urine and urinates on clothes or in bed after the age of 5

encopresis

elimination disorder where the individual is incontinent of feces and has bowel movements in clothes or in other inappropriate place at age 4 or above

insomnia

sleep disorder —> With insomnia, you may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep.

This happens even if you have the time and the right environment to sleep well.

• onset insomnia (trouble falling asleep)

• maintenance insomnia (trouble staying asleep)

• behavioral insomnia

impulse-control disorders

• repeatedly engage in behaviors that are harmful and feel they cannot control

• Experience tension and anxiety until they follow their impulses and feel a sense of pleasure or gratification

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Impulse control disorder characterized by an angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness that results in significant family or school problems

• Symptoms begin between ages 5 &10, usually evident between ages 8 and 12.

• Around 2–11% of children in the United States have this disorder, and it is more common in preadolescent males

symptoms of ODD

• Frequent temper tantrums

• Irritability, anger, argumentativeness, and/or vindictiveness

• Refusal to obey adults’ rules or follow directions

• Difficulty making and keeping friends

• Frequently getting in trouble at school

treatment for ODD

• behavioral, cognitive, and social learning approaches.

• Focus on reinforcement, behavioral contracting, modeling, and relaxation training.

conduct disorder

impulse-control disorder that involves repeated violations of the rights of others and society’s norms and laws.  Delinquent behaviors including aggressiveness to people and animals

• onset after adolescence

people with a conduct disorder are more likely to have…

ADHD, mood disorders, developmental disorders

common signs and symptoms of CD

• Frequent rule-breaking

• Angry outbursts 

• Aggression towards others, including bullying, fighting, and/or sexual assault

• Mistreating children or animals

• Dishonesty, including lying and cheating

• Excessive substance use

• Running away from home

• Truancy (skipping school)

• Criminal behavior, such as theft, vandalism, or arson

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

inability to hold back urges to express strong, angry feelings and associated violent behaviors 

Someone with IED would do… during an impulse episode

• Be verbally aggressive

• Start arguments

• Physically assault others

• Destroy property or possessions

• Threaten others

Treatment for IED

naltrexone

CBT

aversive therapy

relaxation training

cognitive restructuring

kleptomania

impulse control disorder that involves the persistent urge to steal

• no monetary reason or personal gain

• kleptomania feel an intense buildup of tension before stealing. After they steal, they feel an immediate sense of relief and/or pleasure

pyromania

involving the persistent and compelling urge start fires

• common teenagers and adult males 

Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder.

Diagnosis that is characterized by a person who exhibits signs and symptoms of an impulse control disorder, but the impulse (or impulses) don't necessarily fall into any of the main categories.