Renewables

C. 61.6 Mtoe

In 2022, the Philippines’ total primary energy supply (TPES) was:
A. 30.4 Mtoe
B. 31.1 Mtoe
C. 61.6 Mtoe
D. 49.4 Mtoe

B. 49.4%

What percentage of the Philippines’ 2022 energy supply was indigenous?
A. 30.4%
B. 49.4%
C. 50.6%
D. 61.6%

C. 30.4 Mtoe

The equivalent indigenous energy supply of the Philippines in 2022 was:
A. 31.1 Mtoe
B. 49.4 Mtoe
C. 30.4 Mtoe
D. 61.6 Mtoe

B. 50.6% or 31.1 Mtoe

In 2022, the Philippines imported how much of its total primary energy supply?
A. 49.4% or 30.4 Mtoe
B. 50.6% or 31.1 Mtoe
C. 61.6% or 49.4 Mtoe
D. 30.4% or 15.2 Mtoe

Answer: B. Net imports slightly exceeded indigenous supply

Which statement correctly describes the Philippines’ 2022 energy landscape?
A. More than half of the supply came from indigenous sources.
B. Net imports slightly exceeded indigenous supply.
C. Indigenous supply was nearly double the imports.
D. The country was a net energy exporter.

C. 50%

The Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2023–2050 aims for renewable energy to supply what percentage of the energy mix by 2040 under the Reference Scenario?
A. 30%
B. 41%
C. 50%
D. 56.9%

C. 2032

According to the DOE Clean Energy Scenario, the Philippines plans to commission its first commercial nuclear power plant by what year?
A. 2028
B. 2030
C. 2032
D. 2035

C. 4,800 MW

By 2050, the DOE nuclear roadmap targets how much total installed nuclear capacity?
A. 1,200 MW
B. 2,400 MW
C. 4,800 MW
D. 7,900 MW

B. 2025–2035

The Smart and Green Grid Plan (SGGP), designed to enhance RE integration, covers what period of implementation?
A. 2023–2030
B. 2025–2035
C. 2030–2040
D. 2040–2050

D. Export of coal as the main revenue source

Which of the following is NOT a key program under the Philippine Energy Plan?
A. Indigenous oil and gas exploration
B. LNG and hydrogen development
C. Strategic petroleum reserves
D. Export of coal as the main revenue source

A. Bioethanol and biodiesel

The Philippine Energy Plan incorporates programs on biofuels. Which of the following biofuels are specifically mentioned?
A. Bioethanol and biodiesel
B. Biomass and coal-to-liquids
C. Hydrogen and syngas
D. Algae-based biofuel and kerosene blending

B. Oil

Between 2021 and 2022, which major energy source remained the largest contributor to the Philippines’ supply?
A. Coal
B. Oil
C. Geothermal
D. Biomass

B. Coal

Which fossil fuel slightly declined in share from 2021 to 2022 but still accounted for a significant portion of the supply?
A. Natural Gas
B. Coal
C. Oil
D. Bioethanol

A. Geothermal

Which indigenous energy source showed only a very minor decrease between 2021 and 2022, while remaining a strong contributor?
A. Geothermal
B. Biomass
C. Hydro
D. Solar

B. Hydro

Among renewable sources, which increased slightly in share from 2021 to 2022?
A. Wind
B. Hydro
C. Solar
D. Biodiesel

C. Wind

Which renewable energy source was the smallest contributor in 2022?
A. Biomass
B. Hydro
C. Wind
D. Solar

A. Fossil fuels

In terms of overall categories, which type of energy sources continued to provide the majority of the Philippines’ energy supply in 2022?
A. Fossil fuels
B. Renewable energy
C. Indigenous resources
D. Biofuels

C. Higher vulnerability to global fuel prices

The shift toward greater reliance on imported energy from 2021 to 2022 implies what risk?
A. Greater self-sufficiency
B. Increased energy security
C. Higher vulnerability to global fuel prices
D. Reduced fossil fuel dependence

B. Indonesia

Which country is the top source of coal imports to the Philippines, supplying about 97% of its total coal imports in 2023?

A. Vietnam
B. Indonesia
C. Australia
D. Russia

D. Saudi Arabia

In 2022, which country held the largest share of finished oil product exports to the Philippines?

A. Japan
B. China
C. South Korea
D. United Arab Emirates

C. South Korea

In 2022, which country held the largest share of finished oil product exports to the Philippines?

A. Japan
B. China
C. South Korea
D. United Arab Emirates

B. China

In 2022, the Philippines exported most of its coal to which country?

A. Vietnam
B. China
C. India
D. Japan

B. South Korea

In 2022, the Philippines exported most of its crude oil to which country?

A. Saudi Arabia
B. South Korea
C. Singapore
D. Malaysia

B. Geothermal

Which energy source makes the Philippines the third largest producer in the world, contributing around 8–10% of national power generation?

A. Wind
B. Geothermal
C. Hydropower
D. Solar

B. Burgos Wind Farm

What is currently the largest operating wind farm in the Philippines, with a capacity of about 150 MW?

A. Bangui Wind Farm
B. Burgos Wind Farm
C. Pagudpud Wind Farm
D. Caparispisan Wind Farm

B. Largest producing oil field

The Galoc Oil Field, located in the Northwest Palawan Basin, is known as the Philippines’:

A. First offshore natural gas project
B. Largest producing oil field
C. First coal-to-liquids project
D. Largest geothermal reservoir

C. Northwest Palawan Basin

Where is the Galoc Oil Field situated?

A. Cagayan Basin
B. Agusan Basin
C. Northwest Palawan Basin
D. Cotabato Basin

A. Oil and associated natural gas

The discovered energy source in Alegria, Cebu primarily produces which resource?

A. Oil and associated natural gas
B. Geothermal steam
C. Coal
D. Uranium

C. Meralco Terra Solar Farm

Which of the following is the largest planned solar power project in the Philippines, with a capacity of 3,500 MW and storage of 4,500 MWh?

A. Cadiz Solar Power Plant
B. SaCaSol
C. Meralco Terra Solar Farm
D. Tarlac Solar Farm

A. Cadiz Solar Power Plant

Which solar power plant in Negros Occidental has a capacity of about 132.5 MW, making it one of the largest in the country?

A. Cadiz Solar Power Plant
B. SaCaSol
C. San Carlos Bioenergy
D. Tarlac Solar Farm

C. Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513)

Which Philippine law provides incentives for biomass power projects as part of renewable energy development?

A. Clean Air Act (RA 8749)
B. Mining Act of 1995 (RA 7942)
C. Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513)
D. Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367)

B. Bagasse from sugarcane

The San Carlos BioPower plant in Negros Occidental uses which main feedstock?

A. Coconut shells
B. Bagasse from sugarcane
C. Corn stalks
D. Palm oil

B. Rice husks

Which of the following is a common biomass feedstock in the Philippines?

A. Limestone
B. Rice husks
C. Nickel ore
D. Basalt

C. Tongonan Geothermal Field

Which geothermal field is considered one of the largest in Southeast Asia, with more than 700 MW installed capacity?

A. MakBan Geothermal Field
B. Tiwi Geothermal Field
C. Tongonan Geothermal Field
D. Palinpinon Geothermal Field

C. Luzon grid

The Tongonan Geothermal Field supplies power not only to the Visayas grid but also to which other major grid via submarine cable?

A. Mindanao grid
B. Palawan grid
C. Luzon grid
D. Bicol grid

D. Negros

What province in the Philippines hosts largest biomass energy production?
A. Leyte

B. Albay

C. Surigao

D. Negros

B. 386 billion MW/s

The Sun’s total energy output is approximately:

A. 386 million MW/s
B. 386 billion MW/s
C. 3.86 trillion MW/s
D. 386 thousand MW/s

B. Convection

In the Sun, most of the energy is transmitted to Earth by radiation, but the last portion (~20% of the way) is transported mainly by:

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Reflection
D. Refraction

C. 10,000 times

The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth is about how many times larger than the annual energy consumption of the world?

A. 100 times
B. 1,000 times
C. 10,000 times
D. 100,000 times

B. Earth’s rotation and seasonal changes

Solar energy is considered intermittent mainly because of:

A. Earth’s magnetic field
B. Earth’s rotation and seasonal changes
C. The Moon’s gravitational pull
D. Changes in Earth’s orbit

B. Photovoltaic cells

Solar energy can be harnessed in two main ways: through heat collection (solar thermal) and through direct electricity generation using:

A. Nuclear fission
B. Photovoltaic cells
C. Biomass digestion
D. Piezoelectric plates

B. Thermal energy

When solar energy is captured as heat, it is classified as:

A. Mechanical energy
B. Thermal energy
C. Chemical energy
D. Electrical energy

C. Direct electrical energy

Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into:

A. Mechanical energy
B. Thermal energy
C. Direct electrical energy
D. Chemical energy

B. Silicon

The main semiconductor element used in most photovoltaic cells is:

A. Cadmium
B. Silicon
C. Gallium
D. Copper

B. n-type

In silicon solar cells, phosphorus is typically used to create which type of semiconductor layer?

A. p-type
B. n-type
C. intrinsic
D. amorphous

A. Copper, Indium, Gallium, Selenium

Which combination of elements is used in CIGS thin-film solar cells?

A. Copper, Indium, Gallium, Selenium
B. Cadmium, Tellurium
C. Silicon, Boron, Phosphorus
D. Aluminum, Silver

C. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin-film

The elements Cadmium (Cd) and Tellurium (Te) are combined to form which type of solar cell?

A. Polycrystalline silicon
B. Amorphous silicon
C. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin-film
D. Gallium Arsenide

B. Doped with phosphorus; majority carriers are electrons

Which of the following best describes an n-type semiconductor?

A. Doped with boron; majority carriers are holes
B. Doped with phosphorus; majority carriers are electrons
C. Pure silicon with no dopant
D. Doped with gallium; majority carriers are holes

C. Boron

A p-type semiconductor is produced by doping silicon with which element?

A. Phosphorus
B. Arsenic
C. Boron
D. Selenium

C. p-type and n-type semiconductors

In a photovoltaic cell, the flow of electricity occurs because of the junction between:

A. Two n-type semiconductors
B. Two p-type semiconductors
C. p-type and n-type semiconductors
D. Silicon and silver contacts

B. Rooftop PV system

A PV system where solar panels are mounted on residential or commercial building roofs is called:

A. Ground-mounted PV system
B. Rooftop PV system
C. Floating PV system
D. Canal-top PV system

A. Ground/Land Mounted System

Solar panels installed at ground level in open land areas are part of which PV system type?

A. Ground/Land Mounted System
B. Rooftop PV System
C. Offshore PV System
D. Floating PV System

C. Canal-top PV system

Placing solar panels directly above water canals is an example of:

A. Offshore PV system
B. Floating PV system
C. Canal-top PV system
D. Rooftop PV system

C. Offshore PV

Which type of PV system includes ships, floating systems, and installations on islands?

A. Ground-mounted PV
B. Rooftop PV
C. Offshore PV
D. Canal-top PV

A. Floating PV systems

Solar panels installed on water bodies such as dams, reservoirs, irrigation ponds, or treatment plants are categorized under:

A. Floating PV systems
B. Offshore PV systems
C. Canal-top PV systems
D. Ground-mounted PV systems

C. Kinetic and mechanical energy

Hydropower plants generate electricity by converting the potential energy of stored water into:

A. Thermal energy
B. Chemical energy
C. Kinetic and mechanical energy
D. Nuclear energy

C. Converting the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy

In a hydropower system, the turbine is primarily responsible for:

A. Storing water in the reservoir
B. Converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
C. Converting the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy
D. Regulating voltage in the generator

B. Convert mechanical energy into electricity

After the turbine is rotated in a hydropower plant, the generator’s role is to:

A. Store the water pressure
B. Convert mechanical energy into electricity
C. Increase the velocity of water
D. Control the water flow through the dam

A. Store potential energy of water

The main function of a reservoir behind a dam in hydropower is to:

A. Store potential energy of water
B. Reduce evaporation
C. Generate electricity directly
D. Act as a sediment trap only

D. Type 1

The Philippine climate type characterized by two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year, is:

A. Type 2
B. Type 3
C. Type 4
D. Type 1

B. Type 2

A climate type with no dry season and a very pronounced rainfall from November to April is:

A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4

C. Type 3

Which Philippine climate type has seasons that are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year?

A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4

D. Type 4

A climate type in the Philippines where rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year is classified as:

A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4

B. Impoundment

A hydropower type that uses a dam to store water in a reservoir before release for power generation is called:

A. Run-of-river
B. Impoundment
C. Diversion
D. Pumped storage

B. Run-of-river

Which hydropower type involves channeling a portion of a river through a canal or penstock without a large reservoir?

A. Pumped storage
B. Run-of-river
C. Diversion
D. Impoundment

C. Diversion

A hydropower system that uses the river’s natural flow with little or no impoundment is classified as:

A. Run-of-river
B. Impoundment
C. Diversion
D. Pumped storage

D. Pumped storage

Which hydropower type functions like a battery by pumping water uphill into a reservoir during low demand and releasing it to generate power during high demand?

A. Run-of-river
B. Diversion
C. Impoundment
D. Pumped storage

C. Wind speed tends to increase with height.

Which statement best explains why wind turbines are built taller?

A. Wind speed tends to decrease with height.
B. Wind speed tends to remain constant with height.
C. Wind speed tends to increase with height.
D. Wind speed is unaffected by terrain or height.

B. Coastal areas, long slopes, mountain passes, and open terrain

The best sites for wind energy resources are commonly found in:

A. Urban centers and underground basins
B. Coastal areas, long slopes, mountain passes, and open terrain
C. Tropical rainforests and mangrove swamps
D. Shaded valleys and heavily forested areas

C. Stronger in winter than in summer, and stronger during the day than at night

In terms of time variation, wind energy is generally:

A. Stronger in summer than in winter
B. Stronger at night than during the day
C. Stronger in winter than in summer, and stronger during the day than at night
D. Constant regardless of season or time of day

B. Its energy supply is intermittent with diurnal and seasonal variation.

A major limitation of wind energy as a renewable source is that:

A. It produces excessive greenhouse gases.
B. Its energy supply is intermittent with diurnal and seasonal variation.
C. It requires fossil fuels to operate turbines.
D. It cannot be used in coastal regions.

B. Offshore wind farms have much larger energy output due to stronger and more consistent winds.

Which statement is true regarding offshore wind farms compared to onshore wind farms?

A. Offshore wind farms generally have smaller energy output than onshore.
B. Offshore wind farms have much larger energy output due to stronger and more consistent winds.
C. Offshore wind farms are limited by the lack of coastal wind resources.
D. Onshore wind farms are always more efficient than offshore systems.

B. Tidal energy

Which ocean renewable energy resource harnesses the power of moving tides?

A. Wave energy
B. Tidal energy
C. Ocean thermal energy conversion
D. Offshore wind

B. Tidal range

The type of tidal energy that utilizes the potential energy difference between high and low tides is called:

A. Tidal stream
B. Tidal range
C. Wave energy
D. Ocean current energy

C. Tidal stream

Which ocean energy technology captures the kinetic energy of moving water caused by tides flowing through narrow passages?

A. Tidal range
B. Wave energy
C. Tidal stream
D. Ocean thermal energy

C. Ocean current energy

Which ocean energy resource captures the energy from surface waves generated by wind blowing over the ocean’s surface?

A. Wave energy
B. Tidal energy
C. Ocean current energy
D. Geothermal vents

B. Utilizing the temperature difference between warm surface water and deep cold ocean water

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) generates power by:

A. Using tidal streams flowing through narrow channels
B. Utilizing the temperature difference between warm surface water and deep cold ocean water
C. Harnessing the kinetic energy of surface waves
D. Capturing energy from salinity gradients

B. Giant heat exchangers transferring energy between warm and cold seawater layers

Which device setup is typically used in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion systems?

A. Wind turbines in shallow coastal areas
B. Giant heat exchangers transferring energy between warm and cold seawater layers
C. Floating solar panels on the ocean surface
D. Tidal barrage systems installed across estuaries

A. Osmotic power

The renewable energy resource that harnesses the potential from the difference in salt concentration between freshwater and seawater is known as:

A. Osmotic power
B. Wave energy
C. OTEC
D. Tidal stream

C. Salinity gradient – harnesses energy from salt concentration differences

Which pairing is correct?

A. Tidal stream – potential energy difference between high and low tide
B. OTEC – uses wind speed variation across ocean surfaces
C. Salinity gradient – harnesses energy from salt concentration differences
D. Wave energy – relies on solar heating of seawater

B. Superheated steam or hot water reservoirs above 150 °C, often in volcanic regions

High-enthalpy geothermal resources are generally associated with:

A. Low-temperature aquifers below 90 °C
B. Superheated steam or hot water reservoirs above 150 °C, often in volcanic regions
C. Shallow ground heat pumps for residential heating
D. Sedimentary basins with warm brines

B. They are associated with active volcanic arcs and subduction zones.

Which statement correctly describes high-enthalpy geothermal fields in the Philippines?

A. They are mostly found in sedimentary basins of Mindoro.
B. They are associated with active volcanic arcs and subduction zones.
C. They produce only low-grade heat for agricultural drying.
D. They cannot be used for electricity generation.

B. Heat from within the Earth stored in rocks, fluids, and magma

Geothermal energy refers to:
A. Energy derived from ocean tides
B. Heat from within the Earth stored in rocks, fluids, and magma
C. Solar energy stored in sediments
D. Heat generated by fossil fuel combustion

A. High-enthalpy geothermal (>150 °C)

Which type of geothermal resource is generally used for electricity generation?
A. High-enthalpy geothermal (>150 °C)
B. Low-enthalpy geothermal (<90 °C)
C. Medium-enthalpy geothermal (90–150 °C)
D. All of the above

B. Direct use

Low-enthalpy geothermal resources are commonly applied in:
A. Large-scale power plants
B. Direct use
C. Offshore drilling
D. Hydropower dams

B. Dry steam field

A geothermal reservoir dominated by steam is classified as:
A. Liquid-dominated field
B. Dry steam field
C. Brine system
D. Binary system

B. Liquid-dominated field

A geothermal field where hot water is the dominant fluid is called:
A. Binary system
B. Liquid-dominated field
C. Dry steam field
D. Hydrothermal field

A. Binary cycle plant

A geothermal system that transfers heat from hot geothermal fluid to a secondary working fluid with a lower boiling point (e.g., isobutane) is known as:
A. Binary cycle plant
B. Dry steam plant
C. Flash steam plant
D. Direct steam turbine

A. Flash steam plant

Which geothermal power technology flashes high-pressure hot water into steam to drive turbines?
A. Flash steam plant
B. Dry steam plant
C. Binary cycle plant
D. Enhanced geothermal system

C. Dry steam

Which geothermal plant type is the oldest and simplest technology, first used in Larderello, Italy?
A. Flash steam
B. Binary cycle
C. Dry steam
D. Hybrid geothermal

A. USA and Indonesia

The Philippines ranks among the top three global producers of geothermal energy, after:
A. USA and Indonesia
B. Japan and China
C. Iceland and New Zealand
D. Kenya and Ethiopia

Answer: C. Tongonan (Leyte)

Which is the largest geothermal field in the Philippines, located in Leyte?
A. Mak-Ban (Laguna–Batangas)
B. Tiwi (Albay)
C. Tongonan (Leyte)
D. Palinpinon (Negros Oriental)

B. Geothermal electricity

The Mak-Ban field Plant, located in Laguna–Batangas, is notable for producing:
A. Oil and gas
B. Geothermal electricity
C. Solar PV power
D. Hydropower

B. Pacific Ring of Fire

The Philippines’ geothermal potential is high because it lies along the:
A. Atlantic mid-ocean ridge
B. Pacific Ring of Fire
C. Arabian Shield
D. Himalayan thrust belt

Which Philippine geothermal field is located in Negros Oriental?
A. Mak-Ban
B. Palinpinon
C. Tiwi
D. Tongonan

A. The heat from Earth’s core is continuously replenished

Geothermal energy is considered renewable because:
A. The heat from Earth’s core is continuously replenished
B. It requires fossil fuels to operate
C. It depends on daily solar cycles
D. It can only be used once before depletion

B. Induced seismicity and land subsidence

A major environmental concern of geothermal plants is:
A. Carbon dioxide emissions exceeding coal plants
B. Induced seismicity and land subsidence
C. High ash emissions
D. Ocean acidification

A. CO₂, H₂S, CH₄, and trace gases

The main gases that may be emitted from geothermal plants are:
A. CO₂, H₂S, CH₄, and trace gases
B. Only oxygen and nitrogen
C. Pure hydrogen
D. Radon only

A. Proximity to subduction zones and active volcanism

Which feature is essential in locating geothermal fields?
A. Proximity to subduction zones and active volcanism
B. Areas of thick sedimentary cover
C. Glaciated terrains
D. Desert basins only

B. Create artificial reservoirs by fracturing hot dry rocks

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) differ from conventional systems because they:
A. Use wind turbines
B. Create artificial reservoirs by fracturing hot dry rocks
C. Depend on ocean tides
D. Operate only in volcanic islands