Psychodynamic approach

Bowlby conclusions (76) last card put into anki

what happens in oral stage

breast feeding + weaning on solid food

oral stage age

0-18 months

oral libido

mouth- sucking + swallowing

what happens in anal stage

potty training

anal stage age

18 months- 3 years

anal stage libido

anus- withholding + expelling faeces

what happens in phallic stage

gender identity

phallic stage age

3-5 years

phallic stage libido

genital- masterbation

what happens in latency stage

acknowlege + understand world

latency stage age

5- puberty

gential stage age

puberty +

genital stage libido

genital- heterosexual intercourse

latency stage libido

no sexual motivation

how to remember psychosexual stages

old

age

parrots

love

grapes

fustration in psychosexual stage

when stage hasn’t been resolved because needs haven’t been met

overindulgence in psychosexual stage

the needs of the child has been more than satisfied therefore the child feels too comfortable so reluctant to move onto next stage

oral stage frustration causes

pessimism + greed + envy

oral stage overindulgence causes

optimism + gullibility + neediness

anal stage frustration causes

stubborn + possessive + tidy

overindulgence in anal stage causes

messy + disorganized

conscious mind

logical + rational- awareness of yourself + part of your consciousness

unconscious mind

not ruled + pleasure seeking outside of our conscious awareness (we are unaware of these underlying influences)

preconscious mind

ordinary memory- not consciously aware of the information but can retrieve when needed

ego defence mechanism definition

the strategies used by the ego to defend itself against anxiety (protect fragile ego)

examples of ego defence mechanisms

• displacement

• repression

• projection

displacement definition

taking your emotions out on something or someone else

repression definition

pushing painful memories down into the unconscious mind

projection definition

individual unconsciously attributes their own unacceptable thoughts feelings or motives to another person

id principle

pleasure principle

id function

gain pleasure + gratification

age id develops

0-2 years

is the id conscious or unconscious

unconscious

ego principle

reality principle

ego function

work out realistic ways of balancing id + superego demands

age ego develops

3-5 years

is ego conscious or unconscious

conscious

super ego principle

morality principle

super ego function

perfect + civilize our behaviour (internal parental voice)

age super ego developed

2-4 years

psychic determinism defintion

the idea that personality and behaviour are determined by more psychological factors then biological conditions/ life events

formation of parent child relationship suggets

mother is important in shaping a childs first relationship

sensitive + responsive + consistent mother=

trusting child whos secure in later relationships

unsensitive + unresponsive + inconsistent mother=

child expects future realtionships are unpredictable and wont meet needs

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis proposes

prolonged loss of emotional care before 2 ½ years old has long term consequences on emotional health + development

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis states without good care a child… because…

child may not be able to relate well to other + might develop affectionless character because parental relationships provide template for future relationships

example of child with prolonged separation in Bowlby’s study

Derek was hospitalised at age 18 months for 9 months during which his parents didn’t visit him

affectionless psychopath definition

inability to show any emotion, understanding or feelings towards other people

deprivation definition

had attatchment bond but lost it- ACE (adverse childhood experience)

privation definition

never having an attachment bond

dream analysis

the process of identifying + interpreting the unconscious meaning of a patients dreams based on patient feedback + knowledge of the patient’s life experiences

processes of dreamwork

-symbolism

-secondary elaboration

-condensation

-displacement

-representation

symbolism definition

symbol replaces action/ person/ idea

manifest content definition

the content of a dream recalled by dreamer- symbolic + representative of an underlying hidden meaning

latent content definition

hidden real meaning of a dream

dreamwork definition

consists of processes applied to repressed wishes to produce the content of dream

secondary elaboration definition

dream presented in story form woven from symbols and recent events in a person’s waking life

condensation definition

dreams convey complex ideas + experiences simply through the story + symbols- the dream represents a condensed version of the complexity of real life

displacement definition

objects in the dream can be separated from the emotion attached to them (and attached to a different symbol) so that disturbing thoughts do not enter the conscious mind

representation definition

a thought is translated into visual images

unconcious mind linked to dream analysis

- normal behaviour = unconscious processes

- abnormal behaviour = ego defence mechanisms (eg…)

- therapy = access inaccessible memories in safe environment

- result = understand causes- reduces symptoms

influence of childhood experiences linked to dream analysis

- normal behaviour = shaped by influence of childhood experiences

- abnormal behaviour = result of fustration/ overindulgence in psychosexual stages e.g oral fustration- greed + envy

- therapy = work through early childhood experiences

- result = symptoms reduced by discussing dreams + childhood assosciations

tripartite personality linked to dream analysis

-normal behaviour = shaped by tripartite personality

-abnormal behaviour = overwhelming desires of id expressed in dreams- anxiety in waking life (id conflict superego)

-therapy = help patient understand id desires

-result = patient understands conflict of id + superego- anxiety reduced

dream analysis strength

effective in mental disorder treatment

evidence supporting dream analysis strength

Matt et al (1997) in a review of psychotherapy found 75% of clients receiving dream analysis showed improvements

dream analysis weakness

limited scientific evidence to support effectiveness

evidence supporting dream analysis weakness

Hobson et al (1997) argue dreams are nothing but commands sent from brain and simply a form of ‘thinking that happens while we sleep’

dream analysis ethical issue (mentally)

risk of stress + anxiety + pain to participants

evidence supporting dream analysis ethical issue (mentally)

therapist may guide client towards emotionally distressing interpretation of past traumatic events- occured or false memory

dream analysis ethical issue

valid consent

evidence supporting dream analysis ethical issue

potentially will uncover emotionally distressing memories + client should understand whats involved (power imbalance)

Bowlby methodology

-series of 88 case studies

-44 thieves (ages 5-17) ((31 boys + 13 girls))

-22 stealing for 3+ years

-4 only stole once

-average intelligence

-control group = same clinic (emotional disturbance but not thief)

Bowlby procedures

-opportunity sampling

-two hour examination (IQ + emotional attitude test + social worker interview mother + Bowlby interview child + mother)

-school reports reviewed (content analysis)

Bowlby quantitive findings

-14 classified as affectionless

-12 of affectionless experienced early frequent seperation other thieves- 3 control- 2

-affectionless character type had highest number of grade 4 thefts

-6 of thieves had father issues (openly hated them)

Bowlby qualitative findings

-Derek age 18 months hospitalised for 9 months parents didn’t visit

-Kenneth between 3-9 cared for by grandfather who had no control

Bowlby conclusions

-good mother child relationship = healthy development

-prolonged separation = poor emotional development

-mother relationship problems affects superego development (reduced sense of whats right and wrong)

-genetic factors = role in mental health + well being

-delinquency = consequence of many factors