Chapter 20

3 modest gains African Americans achieved in the North?

1. Professional Jobs

2. Public integration starting in schools in the North

3. better housing

What did AA’s get when whites moved?

AA’s received greater housing options once whites moved out of cities to the suburbs.

What issue inflamed both segregationists & integrationists?

public education

• attitudes learned in classrooms could influence lives

• public schools put kids in daily social situations of playing & learning

What were 3 Supreme Court decisions that were handed down in a single day that gave new direction to those fighting for civil rights?

1. Railroad dining cars in the South have to provide equal service for all

2. African Americans couldn't be segregated in a school attended by white people - Brown vs. Topeka I

3. ‘Intangible factors’ considered when providing education to African American and whites Brown vs. Topeka II

What was the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson?

Separate but equal said segregation was constitutional

If separate accommodations provided in railroad cars were equal in Louisiana for both African Americans and whites than the segregation was constitutional

What was the NAACP strategy to push back against separate but equal doctrine?

Proved  facilities for non-whites weren't equal to whites

Challenge that segregation was illegal → Forced schools to integrate

What was the outcome of the 1954 Supreme Court case, Brown vs. Board of Education. (Topeka Kansas)? Did the Supreme Court give a deadline as to when states must integrate all public schools?

• Chief justice Earl Warren declared segregation illegal from the 14th Amendment

• Separate is not equal

• Didn't specify date for integration → 1 year later a vague date is given

• Reluctance to give definite guidelines for integration was a unanimous decision

Linda Brown

7-year-old African-American who had to cross a railway yard to get to AA school miles away.

Started the oral arguments of Brown vs. Topeka case

Thurgood Marshall

The first AA Justice who continue the effort of the NAACP

Found Brown vs. Topeka case → defended Linda Brown & won the case!!

Fred Vinson

Original chief of Justice for Brown vs. Topeka case was racist 

Suddenly died and was replaced…

Earl Warren

Former governor of California Replaced Vincent as chief of Justice by Eisenhower 

Attorney general → appointed as liberal chief of Justice to Supreme Court

What was the southern Manifesto that Lyndon B Johnson (Texas Hs of Rep) refused to sign?

The manifesto praised the motives of states that declared their intention to avoid forced integration 

What was the significance of the crisis at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957? 

Showed the fight between federal & state authority for integration 

Tried to integrate 9 AA students but met with forces of National Guard → Ike took control of forces & threatened to shut down school

“Little Rock 9”

The 9 AA students are tried to integrate into a white school in Arkansas 

Met with resistance and had to be protected by armed soldiers

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who refused to integrate

Used State’s National Guard to block colored students from integrating 

Dwight D. Eisenhower

President who attempted to stay neutral about desegregation

Thought he convinced Faubus to integrate (he didn’t)

Rosa Parks

Refuse to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery Alabama and James Blake, the bus driver, called the police

Secretary of a local NAACP chapter 

Montgomery, Alabama - Bus Boycott

Refusing to use a service → 70% of AA bus riders stopped using buses in Montgomery

Used carpooling and rolling churches instead

Jo Ann Robinson

English professor at Alabama State College who wrote 35,000 leaflets instructing to not ride the buses anywhere on a given day

Dr. MLK Jr.

Greatest inspiration is the father of the Civil Rights Movement: A Philip Randolph and Gandhi 

• Arranged coverage for station wagons which led to bus boycott

Who is the father of the civils rights movement?

A. Philip Randolph

White Citizen’s Council

Group made of the mayor, city commissioners, police commissioner, and city councilor

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

King called a meeting with 60 ministers to discuss non-violent integration 

FOR (Fellowship of Reconciliation)?

Interracial organization conducted workshops in non-violent methods 

4 Steps of Gandhi’s strategy of nonviolent protests

1. Investigation

2. Negotiation

3. Publicity

4. Deomonstration

North Carolina, Agricultural and Technical College 

Joseph McNeil with 3 other AA’s in college planned the first sit-in in at a local store 

Refused to leave until the waitress served them → # of students from the college who did sit-ins at this store grew

Ella J. Baker

Executive Secretary of SCLC impressed with students commitment and courage 

Focused on making changes in local communities & director of SNCC 

SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

New civil rights organization

Used jail not bail - Refused to bail with money and stay in jail 

Jail Services kept police busy & focused on protest

Freedom Riders

AA & white volunteers who sat in the front of bus terminals and entered white only waiting rooms to test if the facilities were integrated 

Robert Kennedy’s role in Freedom Rides?

Sent Federal Marshals to keep order in Alabama

Called Governor John Patterson to reinforce the marshals protecting MLK and his followers when they were trapped in a church surrounded by a mob of whites 

John Doar

Justice department lawyer who placed a call to the Attorney General's office

Described the mob violence towards the Freedom Riders in Alabama

What was JFK’s stance on civil rights prior to his Election?

Called the judge on MLK’s behalf so he could be released 

Endorsed sit ins and promised to sponsor Civil Rights bill to end racial discrimination

Why was Lyndon B Johnson's appointment as Vice President so important to JFK in 1960?

Because FDR was dependent on Lyndon to bring the southern white vote

LBJ was a champion of civil rights and charged with ending job discrimination

What was both JFK’s and Richard Nixon's response to the arrest of Dr King?

Nixon - did nothing

JFK - called Coretta King to express his concern & called the Judge to release King

Coretta King

MLK’s wife

Major political factor that allowed JFK to get elected

His ability to carry seven of the 11 states of the old Confederacy

70% of the African American vote

What was JFK's civil rights strategy?

Tried to avoid losing southern white and AA votes/support

Weak executive order on housing discrimination 

Promised jobs & voting rights for AA’s

What did President Kennedy NOT do to enhance the position of AA’s?

He addressed segregation head on

James Farmer

• Executive director of CORE

• organized interracial groups of bus passengers

What did SNCC teach AA?

They taught AA the necessary skills to be able to vote and pass the literacy test

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Issued a ruling against segregation of Interstate facilities

• Robert Kennedy petitioned this

COFO

Umbrella group controlling - NAACP, CORE, SCLC. & SNCC

• carried out voter registration in Mississippi

James Meredith

-AA student who enrolled at the University of Alabama

 JFK made it possible by sending the US Army to enforce a court order to enroll James 

Eugene “Bull” Connor

Police Commissioner from Birmingham who attacked integrationists brutally 

Why did JFK federalize the Alabama National Guard?

To enforce a court order requiring the admission of two AA students to the University of Alabama 

he feared the marches would turn into violence

Medgar Evers

head of NAACP → killed on the same day as the integration of the University of Alabama

& the same day JFK said he would send Congress a civil rights bill

Civil Rights Act (2nd one- 1st is by Ike)

Prohibited all segregation in education, employment, and public facilities

• JFK will be killed before this is passed

24th Amendment

removed poll tax as a requirement to vote in any election

Selma, Alabama

starting point to protest laws designed to prevent AA’s from voting in the South

CORE organized voter registration campaigns in what counties?

in Mississippi, Alabama & Georgia

Robert Kennedy met in June w/ SNCC, SCLC, CORE, and NAACP to

to encourage collaboration on voter registraion

Birmingham

tested desegregation of interstate transportation facilities

Voting Rights Act of 1965

banned tactics that kept AA from voting

• literacy tests automatically suspended

Why did James Meredith take a 220 mile walk thru Mississippi?

To demonstrate AA's right to vote & right to move w/o fear through the state 

Fell wounded to the roadside because of buckshot

Who spoke for SCLC at Courthouse Square?

Martin Luther King Jr.

Who spoke for CORE at Courthouse Square?

Floyd McKissick

Who spoke for SNCC at Courthouse Square?

Stokely Carmicheal

Difference between the two gospels?

MLK continued to call for nonviolence while CORE & SNCC became more militant → turned to power & violence

Why were SNCC volunteers disappointed about the Civil Rights Act?

b/c laws were NOT immediately enforced

progress occurred at huge cost → ppl killed

What were 3 key issues SNCC leaders dsicussed?

1. white ppl barred from joining

2. movement towards black separation

3. abandoned use of nonviolence

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

A grassroots group that the SNCC supported & asked to be recognized at National Democratic Convention 

Challenged the regular Democratic party on how only 5% of AA allowed to vote

President Lyndon was not sympathetic to this because he didn't want to upset white Southern Democrats

Hubert Humphrey

Minnesota senator who was given job to sidetrack MFDP → would be nominated as VP under Lyndon

Malcolm X

Most vocal Black Muslim leader

• preached message for justification for black separation

Stokely Carmicheal

leader of SNCC for black power & black separatism

Watts

loction of a major race riot in 1965

Black Panther party

Actively protected All AA and metropolitan areas 

Members carried shotguns and racist to whites

Bobby Seale & Huey Newton

Otto Kerner

governor of Illinois who investigated riots in streets

determind racial attitude & behavior of whites towards blacks.

What was the original goal of the 1963 March on Washington Movement?

to provide jobs for all.

militants

activist who would not tolerate any compromise

JFK tried to keep both sides nonviolent but stopped by

militants