Neurologic and Musculoskeletal System Assessment

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Neurologic and Musculoskeletal system assessments based on the lecture transcript.

Alert

A level of consciousness where the individual is awake or readily aroused, oriented, and fully aware of external and internal stimuli.

Lethargy

A state of mental status characterized by drowsiness or sluggishness.

Obtunded

A level of consciousness where the individual is difficult to arouse and requires constant stimulation for even a marginal response.

Stupor

A state of partial unconsciousness where the individual responds only to vigorous or painful stimuli.

Coma

A state of complete unconsciousness with no response to pain or any internal or external stimuli.

Aphasia

A language impairment that affects communication.

CN I (Olfactory)

A sensory nerve for smell; assessed by testing smell with each nostril while the eyes are closed.

CN II (Optic)

A sensory nerve for vision; assessed via visual acuity ($20/20$), Snellen chart, and testing visual fields in all $4$ quadrants.

CN III (Oculomotor)

A motor nerve responsible for pupil response, accommodation, and eye movements (up, down, and medially).

CN IV (Trochlear)

A motor nerve responsible for the downward and inward movement of the eye.

CN V (Trigeminal)

A mixed nerve; motor function involves the temporal and masseter muscles (chewing), and sensory function involves the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas.

CN VI (Abducens)

A motor nerve responsible for lateral eye movement (side to side).

CN VII (Facial)

A mixed nerve; motor function involves facial expressions and closing eyes, while sensory function involves taste on the anterior $2/3$ of the tongue.

CN VIII (Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear)

A sensory nerve responsible for hearing (whisper test) and balance (standing with feet together and eyes closed).

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A mixed nerve; motor function involves the pharynx (gag reflex and swallowing), and sensory function involves taste on the posterior tongue.

CN X (Vagus)

A mixed nerve that regulates parasympathetic "rest and digest" functions, swallowing, and phonation (saying "ah").

CN XI (Spinal accessory)

A motor nerve assessed by shrugging the shoulders (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius) and turning the head against resistance.

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

A motor nerve responsible for tongue movement and protrusion.

PERRLA

An acronym for pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

Romberg Test

A motor balance test where the person stands with feet together and eyes closed while the examiner notes any unsteadiness.

Stereognosis

A sensory discrimination test where the individual identifies a familiar object by touch.

Graphesthesia

A sensory discrimination test where the individual identifies a number traced on the skin.

T4 Dermatome

The sensory spinal nerve area located at the level of the nipple.

T10 Dermatome

The sensory spinal nerve area located at the level of the umbilicus.

C6 Dermatome

The sensory spinal nerve area corresponding to the thumb.

L4 Dermatome

The sensory spinal nerve area corresponding to the knee.

Reflex Grade $4+$

Reflexes that are very brisk or hyperactive.

Reflex Grade $2+$

Reflexes that are average or expected (normal).

Clonus

Involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A scale used to assess behavior through three categories: Eye Opening Response ($1-4$), Verbal Response ($1-5$), and Motor Response ($1-6$).

Range of Motion (ROM)

The maximum movement that is possible for a joint, categorized as active or passive.

Muscle Strength Grade $5$

Full ROM against full resistance; recorded as $100\%$ normal.

Muscle Strength Grade $3$

Full ROM with gravity; recorded as $50\%$ fair.

Muscle Strength Grade $0$

No contraction; recorded as $0\%$ zero.

Adduction

Moving a limb toward the midline of the body.

Eversion

Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle.

Inversion

Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground.

Elevation

Raising a body part, such as shrugging the shoulders.

T7/T8 Landmark

The spinal level corresponding to the inferior angle of the scapula.

L4 Landmark

The spinal level corresponding to the highest point of the iliac crest.