Chapter 9: Surgical Pharmacology and Anesthesia; Short Answer: Anesthesia Equipment

Write in the correct term for the description of anesthesia equipment:

(A) Mask forms seal around the laryngeal inlet, danger of aspiration ______ ______ ______

(B) Forceps used to facilitate placement of NGT (Nasogastric Tube) or ETT (Endotracheal Tube) ______

(C) Used inside the ETT (Endotracheal Tube) to assist with placement ______

(D) Used to hold the tongue out of the way and visualize the glottis for placement of the ETT ______

(E) Soft, hollow tube placed in the nose to establish an airway around the relaxed tongue _______ _______

(A) Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)

(B) McGill

(C) Laryngoscope

(D) Laryngoscope

(E) Nasopharyngeal Airway

During general anesthesia, ________ is the last sense lost.

Hearing

What can occur during the excitement stage of general anesthesia?

The patient can wake up.

Which stage should never be entered and is characterized by hypotensive changes in vital signs, nonreactive pupils, and eventually death?

Overdose Stage

There are four phases of general anesthesia administration. Which phases are the most dangerous and require that the environment remain quiet?

Induction, Emergence, and Overdose

What are some of the things that each person in the room does to prevent the possibility of a larygnospasm or respiratory complication during the induction/intubation or recovery/extubation phase?

Use of the LMA, Succinylcholine injection

General anesthesia provides _______ _______ , which is very important for exposure of the surgical site.

Muscle Relaxation

Patients are required to remain NPO regarding food at least ____ hours prior to surgery for an adult to prevent _____ of gastric acids/contents. The application of _____ ______ obstructs the esophagus to prevent this potential complication.

8; Aspiration; Cricoid Pressure

The complication laryngospasm is treated with ______ _____ ______. If it does not work, the patient will be given ______ to relax the spasm.

Positive Pressure Breathing; Succinylcholine

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH):

(A) Describe the symptoms of MH.

(B) What are the first symptoms to develop? What pieces of equipment are used to monitor for this symptom?

(C) What is one of the last symptoms to develop? What is used to monitor for this symptom(s)?

(D) What triggers an MH episode?

(E) How is a predisposition or MH trait diagnosed?

(F) What is the drug used to treat an MH crisis?

(G) A 46-year-old man demonstrates masseter rigidity (tightness). Describe the priorities of treatment.

(A) Muscle rigidity, heat generation, and a build-up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

(B) The first symptom is unexplained tachycardia followed by tachypnea. Non-triggering anesthetic may be given.

(C) Rise in temperature, anesthetic agents are given.

(D) Succinylcholine, curare, and halogenated inhalation agents.

(E) Testing for a mutation in the RYR1 and CACNA1S genes and by a skeletal muscle biopsy.

(F) Dantrium (Dantrolene Sodium)

(G) This is a sign of MH; Inject Dantrium.

Where is an intrathecal injection made?

Spinal Canal/ Subarachnoid Space