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25 Terms
1
Taxis
The movement of an organism in response to a stimulus, which can be positive (toward the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus).
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2
Chemotaxis
Movement in response to chemicals.
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3
Signal Transduction
The process by which an external signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell, involving a signaling molecule binding to a receptor, activating a pathway, and producing a cellular response.
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4
Ligand
A signaling molecule that binds to receptors to trigger a response.
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5
Plasma membrane receptor
Integral membrane proteins that transmit signals from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm.
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6
Ligand-gated ion channel
A membrane receptor that opens or closes an ion channel upon binding a ligand, affecting ion flow across the membrane.
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7
Catalytic receptors
Membrane receptors that have an enzymatic active site and initiate enzyme activity upon ligand binding.
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8
G-protein-linked receptor
A receptor that binds a G-protein on the intracellular side when a ligand is bound, activating secondary messengers.
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9
Homeostasis
The set of conditions under which living things can successfully survive.
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10
Negative feedback pathway
A control system that turns itself off using the end product of the pathway to inhibit the process.
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11
Positive feedback pathway
A control system where the end product stimulates the pathway instead of inhibiting it.
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12
Interphase
The growing phase in the cell cycle, divided into G1, S, and G2 stages.
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13
S phase
The phase in the cell cycle where the cell replicates its genetic material.
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14
Sister chromatids
Identical strands of DNA formed after DNA replication, held together by a centromere.
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15
Cell cycle checkpoints
Control mechanisms that ensure proper cell division in eukaryotic cells.
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16
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that occurs when a cell is too damaged to repair.
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17
Oncogenes
Mutated genes that can convert normal cells into cancerous cells.
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18
Proto-oncogene
The healthy version of a gene that can become an oncogene.
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19
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that produce proteins preventing the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells, detecting damage and regulating cell growth.
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20
Mitosis
The process of cellular division that occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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21
Cytokinesis
The process that ends mitosis, where the cytoplasm and plasma membranes pinch to form two distinct daughter cells.
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22
Chromatin
The form of genetic material during interphase when chromosomes are decondensed and not visible.
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23
Cell cycle
The life cycle of a cell, from one division to the beginning of the next.
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24
Cyclins
Regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle.
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25
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle in complex with cyclins.
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