Chapter 25-27 (A&P II Exam 5) Test Review Questions

Urine collection occurs in the _ of the kidney.

pelvis

What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?

1/4

The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the ______.

glomerulus

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the ______.

nephrons

Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged?

Thin segment of the nephron loop

The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney?

Juxtamedullary nephrons

The juxtaglomerular complex is made of cells from the ____ afferent arteriole and the ____ cells of the DCT.

granular; macula densa

Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds?

The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.

The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole.

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous.

All of the above.

All of the above

How would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?

Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower.

What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?

The afferent arterioles would constrict.

Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective ________.

when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg

Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating ____.

systemic blood pressure

Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation
Lowering blood sodium levels

Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation

What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited?

The volume would increase.

Where does primary active transport of sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule cells?

Basolateral membrane

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus?

Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.

Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?

Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium.

Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?

Secretion

Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen?

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.

Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma?

The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid.

Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.

The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity

The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid.

Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.

How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane.

When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug?

It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.

Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine?

Urea

Urine from a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a(n) ______ due to the presence of ___.

fruity odor, acetone

Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter?

Endothelium

What features of the bladder predispose it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly?

The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.

The process of voiding the bladder is called ______.

micturition

What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra?

The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.

Which of the following is not a change that occurs with old age?

The bladder shrinks.
The number of nephrons decreases.
Bladder tone decreases.
Nocturia decreases.

Nocturia decreases.

The testes are housed in the _____, which _____ .

scrotum; lowers sperm development temperature

What metabolic effect would you expect if someone developed an autoimmune disease in which the person's interstitial endocrine cells were destroyed?

Testosterone production would plummet.

The _____ of the penis fill(s) with blood during sexual arousal, causing an erection.

corpora cavernosa

The _____ is the final sperm-carrying duct that deposits sperm into the female reproductive tract.

urethra

The is (are) responsible for producing seminal fluid.

testes
seminal glands
prostate

seminal glands
prostate

In the male sexual response, what is resolution?

period of muscular and psychological relaxation

As many as _ sperm can be released with each ejaculation.

750 million

Which of the following components in semen stimulates the uterus to contract in reverse peristalsis?

Prostaglandins

Meiosis results in sperm formation in males. The critical meiotic step(s) that will ensure proper chromosome number in the resulting offspring is (are) _____.

the separation of homologous chromosomes
fertilization of the egg
the separation of sister chromatids

the separation of homologous chromosomes

the separation of sister chromatids

Unlike females, males produce gametes throughout life due to the presence of ____ in their seminiferous tubules.

spermatogonia

Which of the following hormones do males secrete?

Testosterone
FSH
LH
All of the above

All of the above

If testosterone were ineffective during development of a male's brain, what might be the outcome?

The brain would develop without any noticeable difference from other males.

The brain might have a female orientation.

Gender identity may be ambiguous.

The brain would develop without any noticeable difference from other males.

Gender identity may be ambiguous.

A ruptured follicle is transformed into the ____.

corpus luteum

Ovulated oocytes enter the uterine tubes _________.

via undulations of the fimbriae that draw in the oocyte

The _ of the uterus receives the embryo and provides nourishment until the placenta is formed.

endometrium

In females, the _ is (are) the homologous structure to the glans penis in males.

clitoris

What might happen in a nonpregnant woman who began taking high levels of progesterone and estrogen supplements followed by high doses of prolactin supplements?

The woman's mammary glands would begin lactating.

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of breast cancer?

History of no, or short periods of, breast-feeding
Early onset of menses and late menopause
Family history of breast cancer
All of the above

All of the above

What is the major difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Oogenesis results in the formation of one viable oocyte.

The filling of the antrum with fluid occurs in the _ phase of the ovarian cycle.

follicular

LH stimulates the production of ____ by the follicular thecal cells.

androgens

A woman who wants to ensure conception might buy an "ovulation predictor" kit. Which of the following hormones, when detected by the kit, would be the best indicator of imminent ovulation?

LH

From a hormonal standpoint, why is the first day of menstrual bleeding counted as the first day of a new cycle rather than as the end of the previous cycle?

Without feedback from a fertilized zygote, the corpus luteum degenerates and pituitary hormones are no longer under ovarian negative feedback.

Which of the following is secondary sexual characteristic promoted by estrogen?

Growth of the mammary glands

What is the most curable STI in sexually active women in the United States?

Trichomoniasis

What part of the sexual response do females never experience that males do?

Refractory period

What percentage of sperm carry the Y chromosome?

50%

An embryo in week 9 of development is revealed to be male. Which of the following structures would be present in this embryo?

Wolffian ducts

In females, _ is the stage of life when reproductive hormones first begin surging and reproduction is first possible.

puberty

______ is the stage of life in females when reproductive hormones decline and menstrual cycles become erratic.

Menopause

Which region(s) of the penis is responsible for producing an erection?

corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiousum

corpora cavernosa

Which of the stages of follicles is responsible for progesterone production, which causes elaboration of the spiral arteries in the uterine lining?

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum produces progesterone after ovulation occurs. This is responsible for the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for a fertilized egg.