Roles and Responsibilities in Veterinary Care

VETERINARIANS

Veterinarians are the primary medical professionals in a veterinary hospital. They diagnose and treat a wide range of animal diseases and injuries. They also perform surgeries, prescribe medications, and provide preventative care like vaccinations and wellness exams.

VETERINARY TECHNICIANS

Veterinary technicians assist veterinarians with medical procedures, diagnostic testing, and patient care. They perform lab tests, take X-rays, administer medications, assist in surgeries, and monitor anesthesia. They are often the primary caregivers for hospitalized animals.

VETERINARY ASSISTANTS

Veterinary assistants support veterinarians and veterinary technicians. Their duties include animal handling, preparing equipment, cleaning and maintaining the hospital environment, assisting with procedures, and providing basic animal care.

RECEPTIONISTS

Receptionists are responsible for handling client interactions, scheduling appointments, managing phone calls, and maintaining records. They often assist with billing, insurance claims, and ensuring the hospital runs smoothly in terms of appointments and communications.

LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

Laboratory technicians analyze blood samples, urine samples, biopsies, and other diagnostic specimens. They run tests that help in diagnosing various conditions in animals, such as infections, diseases, and organ function issues.

SURGICAL ASSISTANTS

Surgical assistants help prepare animals and surgical instruments for operations. They also monitor patients during surgery and assist the veterinarian during procedures. They are involved in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of surgical patients.

PHYSICAL EXAM

Gather important information about the animal, such as breed, age, sex, and reproductive status.

SIGNALMENT

Gather important information about the animal, such as: Breed: Some breeds are prone to specific health issues. Age: Age-related health concerns, like arthritis in older animals. Sex: Male or female, intact or neutered/spayed. Reproductive Status: Helps determine certain risks (e.g., pyometra in unspayed females).

GENERAL OBSERVATION

Evaluate the overall appearance and behavior of the animal. Things to Look For: Mental State: Is the animal alert, responsive, or lethargic? Posture: Are there signs of pain or discomfort? Body Condition: Assess if the animal is overweight, underweight, or at an ideal weight. Coat and Skin: Check for any signs of alopecia (hair loss), parasites, or lesions. Breathing: Is the animal breathing normally, or is there labored or rapid breathing? Mobility: Does the animal move freely, or are there signs of lameness?

VITAL SIGNS

Check the animal's basic physiological health. Key Measurements: Temperature: Normal range for dogs and cats is typically between 38.5°C and 39.5°C. Pulse (Heart Rate): Normal resting heart rate for dogs ranges from 60-160 bpm (depending on size), and for cats, it is 140-220 bpm. Respiratory Rate: Normal resting rate is around 16-32 breaths per minute for dogs and 20-30 for cats. Capillary Refill Time: Press on the gums to check how quickly the color returns. A time of 1-2 seconds is normal.

Eyes

Look for clear corneas, normal pupil response, and no discharge or redness. Check for signs of cataracts or retinal issues.

Ears

Check for inflammation, redness, discharge, or foul odor, which could indicate infection.

Nose

Inspect for nasal discharge, any signs of congestion, or abnormal smells.

Mouth

Assess gums for color (should be pink), check teeth for tartar or gingivitis, and inspect the mucous membranes for dehydration or anemia.

Lymph Nodes

Palpate under the jaw and around the neck to check for enlargement, which may indicate infection or illness.

Chest and Heart Exam

Evaluate the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Auscultation

Listen to heart and lung sounds using a stethoscope.

Heart

Check for normal heart rhythm, murmurs, or arrhythmias.

Lungs

Listen for any abnormal lung sounds, such as crackles or wheezing, which may indicate respiratory issues.

Pulse

Palpate the femoral artery or another accessible pulse point to assess pulse strength and rhythm.

Coughing or Sneezing

Any abnormal signs should be noted.

Abdomen Exam

Check for abnormalities or pain in internal organs.

Palpation

Gently palpate the abdomen to check for pain, swelling, or abnormalities (e.g., enlarged organs, masses).

Bladder

Check for signs of urinary retention or discomfort.

Bowel Sounds

Assess the abdomen for normal gut sounds, which indicate healthy digestion.

Limb and Musculoskeletal Exam

Evaluate mobility and joint function.

Palpation of Joints

Check for swelling, pain, or signs of arthritis, especially in older animals.

Range of Motion

Ensure that all limbs have a normal range of motion. Look for limping or stiffness.

Paw Pads and Nails

Check for injuries, cracks, or excessive wear on paw pads and claws.

Skin and Coat Exam

Inspect for signs of external parasites, skin infections, or allergies.

Coat Condition

Look for hair loss, thinning, matting, or abnormal texture.

Parasites

Look for fleas, ticks, or mites.

Skin

Check for signs of rashes, bumps, lumps, sores, or hot spots.

Allergic Reactions

Watch for signs of itching or redness.

Rectal Exam

Check for abnormalities in the anal region or rectum.

Rectal Temperature

Verify the internal body temperature.

Anal Glands

Palpate for any signs of impaction, infection, or swelling.

Stool

Assess stool consistency, color, and signs of blood, mucus, or parasites.

Neurological Exam

Check for signs of neurological dysfunction, such as brain, spinal cord, or nerve issues.

Posture and Gait

Observe the animal's walk for signs of ataxia or uncoordinated movement.

Reflexes

Check for normal reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex) and sensation in limbs.

Pupil Response

Ensure that the pupils react to light as expected.

Behavioral Changes

Look for any signs of confusion, disorientation, or seizures.

Reproductive Health Exam

Evaluate the reproductive organs for any abnormalities.

Females

Check for signs of estrus, pregnancy, or abnormalities like pyometra (infection of the uterus).

Males

Examine the testicles for size, shape, and any lumps or signs of infection.