REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SCROTUM

• SOFT SKIN BAG THAT HOLDS TWO BALLS CALLED TESTES

DARTOS MUSCLE

• MAKES THE BAG TIGHT/LOOSE

CREMASTER MUSCLE

• PULLS THE BAG CLOSER OR LETS THEM HANG LOWER

TESTES

• TWO OVAL GLANDS IN THE SCROTUM

• DEVELOP NEAR THE KIDNEYS AND MOVE DOWN INTO THE SCROTUM THROUGH THE INGUINAL CANALS BEFORE BIRTH

• TUNICA VAGINALIS

• TUNICA ABUGINEA

TWO COVERINGS OF THE TESTES

TUNICA VAGINALIS

• OUTER SEROUS MEMBRANE FROM PERITONEUM; PARTIALLY COVER THE TESTES

HYDROCELE

• FLUID BETWEEN THE TWO

TURNICA ALBUGINEA

• TOUGH WHITE FIBROUS LAYERS UNDER TURNICA VAGINALIS; MAKES WALLS (SEPRA) THAT DIVIDE THE TESTES IN 200-300 LOBULES

URINE

• COLORED SOMEWHAT YELLOW DUE TO THE PIGMENT UROCHROME (DESTRUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN)

• UNSTERILE

• SLIGHTLY AROMATIC

• NORMAL pH 6 (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN); VARIES FROM 4.5-8

• GLUCOSE - INDICATES EXCESSIVE CARB INTAKE, STRESS, AND DIABETES MELLITUS)

• KETONE

• RBC - SOMETHING IS WRONG WITH THE GLOMERULE

• HEMOGLOBIN

• BILE - BILIARY TREE HAS BLOCKAGE

• WBC

• CASTS - INDICATES KIDNEY PROBLEMS

ABNORMAL CONSTITUTES OF URINE

URETERS

• SLENDER TUBES ATTACHING THE KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER

• ENTER THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE BLADDER

• HAS PERISTALSIS

URINARY BLADDER

• SMOOTH COLLAPSIBLE MUSCULAR SAC

• TEMPORARILY STORES URINE

ERYTHROPOIETIN

• HORMONES THAT SIGNAL BM TO RELEASE MORE RBC

URETHRA

• THIN-WALLED TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM THE BLADDER TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY BY PERISTALSIS

• RELEASE OF URINE IS CONTROLLED BY TWO SPHINCTERS

• INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (INVOLUNTARY)

• EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (VOLUNTARY)

• LENGTH: FEMALE - 3-4 CM (1 INCH); MALE - 20 CM (8 INCHES)

• LOCATION: FEMALE - ALONG THE WALL OF THE VAGINA; MALE - THROUGH THE PROSTATE AND PENIS

• FUNCTION: FEMALE - ONLY CARRIES URINE; MALE - CARRIES URINE AND IS A PASSGEWAY FOR SPERM CELLS

SPERMATOGENESIS

• PROCESS OF MAKING SPERM

SPERMATOGONIA (STEM CELLS)

• LIVE AT THE EDGE (BASEMENT MEMBRANE) OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE

• THIS CELLS COME FROM PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS IN THE EMBRYO

GnRH (GANADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE)

• STIMULATES ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE:

• LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) - STIMULATES LEYDIG CELLS TO PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE

• FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) - WITH TESTOSTERONE, STIMULATES SERTOLI CELLS TO MAKE ANDROGEN; BINDING PROTEIN TO KEEP TESTOSTERONE HIGH IN TUBULES

MITOSIS (MALE)

• SPERMATOGONIA (2n) DIVIDES INTO:

• TYPE A - STAYS BEHIND TO KEEP MAKING NEW SPERMATOGONIA

• TYPE B - BECOMES PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE

MEIOSIS II (MALE)

• HALVING THE CHROMOSOMES (46 TO 23)

• PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE (2n) TURNS INTO SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE (n)

SPERMIOGENESIS

• CHANGING SHAPE

• SPERMATIDS → SPERMATOZOA (SPERM CELLS)

• GROWS A TAILE (FLAGELLUM)

• CONDENSE THE NUCLEUS

• FORM AN ACROSOME (ENZYME CAP TO PENETRATE EGG)

• LOSE EXCESS CYTOPLASM

SPERMIATION

• RELEASE INTO TUBULES

• MATURE SPERM ARE RELEASED INTO THE LUMEN OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE

• THEY ARE CARRIED TO THE EPIDIDYMIS FOR FINAL MATURATION AND STORAGE

SERTOLI CELLS

• PRODUCE FLUID THAT PUSHES SPERM FROM SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INTO SHORT STRAIGHT TUBULES

STRAIGHT TUBULES

• LEAD TO RETE TESTIS (NETWORK)

RETE TESTIS

• SPERM MOVES TO EFFERENT DUCTS IN THE EPIDIDYMIS

• EMPTIES INTO DUCTSEPIDIDYMIS

EPIDIDYMIS

• COMMA-SHAPED ORGAN (4CM LONG) ALONG THE BACK OF EACH TESTIS

• PARTS: HEAD (RECEIVES SPERM), BODY (MIDDLE), TAIL (CONTINUES AS DUCTUS DEFERENS)

• STRUCTURES: DUCTUS EPIDIDYMIS (IF UNCOILED, 6CM LONG), LINED WITH PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM, SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND STEREO-CILIA FOR ABSORBING DAMAGED SPERM

• FUNCTIONS: SITE OF MATURATION (14 DAYS) - GAIN MOTILITY AND FERTILIZATION ABILITY, STORES SPERM FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, PROPELS SPERM TO DUCTUS DEFERENS DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL VIA PERISTALSIS

• UNUSED SPERM ARE REABSORBED

DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS

• TRANSPORT SPERMA TO URETHRA DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL BY PERISTALSIS

• STORES SPERM TEMPORARILY BEFORE EJACULATION

SPERMATIC CORD

• BUNDLE OF STRUCTURES THAT PASSES THROUGH THE INGUINAL CANAL AND SUSPENDS EACH TESTES TO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

• IT CONNECTS THE TESTES IN THE SCROTUM

• IT CONNECTS THE TESTES TO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

• VARICOCELE: DILATED PAMPINIFORM VEINS CAUSING SCROTAL SWELLING

EJACULATORY DUCTS

• EJECT SPERM + SEMINAL VESICLE FLUID INTO URETHRA BEFORE EJACULATION

URETHRA

• COMMON PASSAGEWAY FOR URINE & SEMEN

• PROSTATE URETHRA

• MEMBRANOUS URETHRA

• SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA

3 PARTS OF URETHRA

PROSTATE URETHRA

• 2-3 CM, PASSES THROUGH PROSTATE

MEMBRANOUS URETHRA

• 1CM LONG, THROUGH PERINEAL MUSCLE

SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA

• 15-20CM THROUGH PENIS → ENDS AT EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE

ACCESSORY GLANDS

• PRODUCE MOST LIQUID PART OF SEMEN

• NEUTRALIZES ACIDITY IN MALE URETHRA AND FEMALE TRACT

SEMINAL VESICLE

• BEHIND UB, IN FRONT OF RECTUM

• SECRETES ALKALINE, VISCOUS FLUID (60% OF SEMEN’S VOLUME)

PROSTAGLANOINS

• HELP SPERM MOVE, SURVIVE, AND MAY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS IN FEMALE TRACT

PROSTAGLANOINS

• HELP SPERM MOVE, SURVIVE, AND MAY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS IN FEMALE TRACT

PROSTAGLANOINS

• HELP SPERM MOVE, SURVIVE, AND MAY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS IN FEMALE TRACT

PROSTATE

• BELOW UB, SURROUNDS PROSTATIC URETHRA

• SECRETES MILKY, SLIGHT ACIDIC FLUID CONTAINING CITRIC ACID, PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES, AND SEMINALPLASMIN

• PROTECTS SPERM FROM DAMAGE DURING EJACULATION

CITRIC ACID

• ENERGY SOURCE OF SPERM

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

• BREAK DOWN CLOTTING PROTEINS

SEMINALPLASMIN

• ANTIBIOTIC THAT KILLS BACTERIA