photosynthesis and respiration

Aerobic Respiration

The process of producing cellular energy with oxygen, where glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and heat.

Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)

Mitochondrion

Organelles where respiration takes place, characterized by a double membrane and folds known as cristae for ATP synthesis.

Cristae

Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that contain enzymes for ATP production.

Glycolysis

The first stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced.

Krebs Cycle

The second stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the mitochondrion, where pyruvate is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a larger amount of ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of complexes in the mitochondria where the final production of ATP occurs during aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration

The process of producing energy from glucose without oxygen, resulting in the production of less energy (only 2 ATP per glucose).

Lactic Acid Fermentation

The type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animal cells, resulting in the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid.

Alcoholic Fermentation

The type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and plant cells, converting glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Oxygen Debt

The amount of oxygen required after exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid back to glucose.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts where the light phase of photosynthesis occurs.

Stroma

The aqueous fluid in chloroplasts where the dark phase of photosynthesis takes place.

Limiting Factors

Factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis, including light, carbon dioxide availability, and temperature.

Glucose

A simple sugar produced during photosynthesis; used by plants for energy.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that requires oxygen to convert glucose into energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing energy in different pathways.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy-rich molecule produced during respiration, which serves as the energy currency of the cell.

Energy Currency of the Cell

Refers to ATP, which is used by cells for immediate energy needs.

Oxygen

A by-product of photosynthesis that is essential for respiration in most living organisms.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, summarizing the inputs and outputs of the process.

Stomata

Small openings on the leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of multiple sugar molecules; plants store energy in this form.

Bioluminescence

The production and emission of light by living organisms.

Glycerol

A component of lipids which, along with fatty acids, contributes to energy storage.

Active Transport

The processes that move substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Meristematic Tissue

Plant tissue composed of actively dividing cells capable of continuous growth.

Simple Tissue

Plant tissue composed of a single cell type.

Permanent Tissue

Mature cells that are incapable of cell division.

Complex Tissue

Tissue composed of more than one cell type.

Epidermis

Outer layer of plant cells providing protection against pathogens and dehydration.

Parenchyma

Tissue involved in storage and photosynthesis, consisting of living cells.

Collenchyma

Supportive tissue characterized by living cells with thickened corners.

Sclerenchyma

Non-living supportive tissue with thick cell walls at maturity.

Xylem

Plant tissue responsible for the transport of water and minerals, consists of dead cells.

Phloem

Living tissue that transports sugars and other organic substances around the plant.

Chlorenchyma

A type of parenchyma containing chloroplasts, involved in photosynthesis.

Apical Meristem

Meristematic tissue located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for growth.

Lateral Meristem

Meristematic tissue responsible for the thickening of stems and roots.

Guard Cells

Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.

Cuticle

A waxy layer on leaves that minimizes water loss.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Stoma

Microscopic pores on leaf surfaces that facilitate gas exchange.

Cohesion and Adhesion

Forces that help transport water through the xylem from roots to leaves.