chapter 1

Anatomy

The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another.

Gross Anatomy

What you see with your eyes. Examples: Surface, Organs

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Chemical level

Atoms, molecules, and organelles

Cellular level

Single cell

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells

Organ level

Contains two or more types of tissues

Organ system level

Organs that work closely together

Organismal level

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Organ Systems

composed of groups of organs that cooperate to perform a major body function.

Integumentary System

Skin; external body covering. Protects deeper tissue from injury. Helps regulate body temperature.

Skeletal System

Bones, cartilage, joints. Protects and supports body organs. Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Forms blood cells.

Muscular System

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Allow movement and facial expression, maintain posture, produce heat.

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord & nerves. Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes.

Endocrine System

Glands secrete chemicals called hormones that regulate many processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

Cardiovascular System

Heart & blood vessels. Heart pumps blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and other materials to and from cells.

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels. Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood and cleans lymphatic fluid of bacteria and foreign matter.

Respiratory System

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Exchanges gases with the external environment; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Breaks food down into simple units that can be absorbed by the blood for distribution to body cells and eliminates undigested food as solid waste.

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Reproductive System

Males: penis, testes / Females: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes. Overall function is the production of offspring.

Homeostasis

The tendency of the body to maintain internal stability or a dynamic equilibrium.

“dynamic steady state”

Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis.

Receptor

Senses a particular change or stimulus

Control center

Receives and processes information from the receptor.

Effector

Cell or organ that responds to commands from the control center.

Negative Feedback

An imbalance is corrected by a response that restores balance.

Positive Feedback

The body initiates a response that increases the imbalance until a specific goal is reached.

Anatomical position

Standing, face-front, feet parallel, arms at sides with palms facing forward

Sagittal Plane

Lengthwise or longitudinal; split left and right

Frontal Plane

Divides into anterior or posterior parts

Transverse Plane

Horizontal; divides superior and inferior halves

Cranial cavity

Encases brain

Vertebral cavity

Encases spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)

Pleural Cavity

Each cavity surrounds one lung

Pericardial cavity

Encloses heart

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

Parietal serosa

Lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral serosa

Covers internal organs

Pericardium

Heart

Pleurae

Lungs

microscopic anatomy

seeing individual cells (cytology) and tissues (histology)

general physiology

fundamental principles of how living organisms function at various levels, from cells and tissues to entire systems

pathophysiology

study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of disease or injury

body cavity

a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs

principal cavities

ventral and dorsal cavity

dorsal cavity subdivisions

cranial and vertebral cavity

ventral cavity subdivisions

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastinum

Contains pericardial cavity; Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc.

internal environment

the fluid medium surrounding cells within the body

extracellular fluid

all the body fluids that are outside the cells

intracellular fluid

the fluid contained within cells, representing a major portion of the body's total water

interstitial fluid

the fluid found in the spaces surrounding cells in the body

plasma

liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells

cytosol

fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which organelles of the cell reside

cytoplasm

the jelly-like substance inside of a cell

feedback mechanism

a process where the output of a system influences its input, creating a loop that can be either positive or negative

feedforward mechanism

anticipatory adjustment of muscles or systems before a movement or change occurs, preparing the body for an action or response

negative feedback examples

thermoregulation (body temperature control) and blood glucose/pressure regulation

positive feedback examples

childbirth(uterine contractions) and blood clotting

homeostatic regulation of a body function

The pancreas releasing insulin to maintain blood sugar levels within a narrow range

homeostasis leading to disease states

• hyperthermia/hypothermia

• Imbalances in blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow can contribute to heart failure, stroke