Human Development (Slide 2)

What domains do we study in development?

• physical (health, growth, fine motor, gross motor, oral motor)

• cognitive (language)

• psychosocial

What are bronfenbrenner’s Ecological systems for developmental change? (briefly describe them)

• microsystem (face-to-face contact with influential others) ex. family, school, work

• mesosystem (relationships between microsystems) ex. home→school, work→ family

• exosystem (settings in which the person does not participate but who affect individuals that interact with the person) ex. spouse’s place of employment, local government

• macrosystem (“Blueprints” for defining and organizing the institutional life of the society) ex. ideology, social policy

  
  
  

What is the purpose of understanding development?

• Describe

  • What is normal vs. non-normative development

• Explain

  • How does development happen

• Predict

  • When will an event change or modify

• Control or Modify

  • Try to ensure that development is not negatively impacted

What are 4 common developmental themes?

• Role of maturation versus experience

  • Nature vs. nurture

• Is development continuous or discontinuous

  • Ramps vs. Steps

• The active versus passive role of the child

  • How much can the individual control

• The area of Focus

  • What areas are being considered

What are the 4 main types of developmental theories?

• Psychodynamic

• Behavioral

• Cognitive

• Contextual

This theory believes that development is an active process influenced by inborn, biological drives and conscious and unconscious experiences

Psychodynamic theories

this theory believes that

Learning is generally defined as relatively permanent changes in observable behavior as a result of experience

Learning experiences that occur during the course of a person’s life are the source of developmental changes

Behavioral

This theory:

specifically examines the development of children’s thinking and problem solving

Cognitive

This theory emphasizes that an individual’s development is based on the interplay of their environments. Such as cultural, society, and historical factors.

Contextual theory

What are the 3 parts of personality in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

• Id- unconscious desires

• Superego- moral and ethical part

• Ego- rational conscious part

How did Freud believe development happens?

Through conflicts between psychosexual stages.

Freud believed: Unresolved conflicts can lead to ….

fixations

What is a fixation?

a blockage in development

What are the 5 psychosexual stages that Freud proposed? (Only need to know first 3 for test)

• Oral

• Anal

• Phalic

• Latency

• Genital

What is the approximate age range of the first stage?

Oral: birth-1 year

What is the approximate age range of the second stage?

anal: 1-3 years

What is the approximate age range of the third stage?

Phallic: 3-6

What is the approximate age range of the fourth stage? (don’t need to know yet)

Latency: 6-12

What is the approximate age range of the fifth stage? (don’t need to know yet)

Genital: 12- adult

What is the focus of the oral stage?

The mouth is the focus of stimulation and interaction; feeding and weaning are central.

What is the focus of the anal stage?

The anus is the focus of stimulation and interaction; elimination and toilet training are central.

What is the focus of the phallic stage?

The genitals are the focus of stimulation; gender role and moral development are central.

What is the focus of the latency stage? (don;t need to know yet)

A period of suspended sexual activity; energies shift to physical and intellectual activities.

What is the focus of the genital stage? (don’t need to know yet)

The genitals are the focus of stimulation with the onset of puberty; mature sexual relationships develop.

He believed that personality development involves a lifelong process of attempting to achieve a sense of identity by mastering conflicts. He also studied with Freud’s daughter Anna.

Erickson

What did Erickson believe were the 3 interrelated developmental forces that impacted conflicts?

• Biological and physical strengths and limitations

• Unique life circumstances and developmental history

• Social, cultural and historical forces

Each stage of Erickson’s theory of development had a —— that must be mastered to achieve your adult identity.

psychosocial crisis

What are Erickson’s 8 Psychosocial stages? (only need to know first 3 ish)

• Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1) Hope

• Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-2) Will

• Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) Purpose

• Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Competence

• Identity vs. Role confusion (12-9) Fidelity

• Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-25) Love

• Generativity vs. stagnation (25-50) Care

• Ego Integrity vs. despair (50 +) Wisdom

*the ages are estimates

What does trust vs. mistrust involve?

develops trusting relationships with others

What does autonomy vs. shame & doubt involve?

Child learns control over bodily functions and activities

What does initiative vs. guilt involve?

Child tests the limits of self assertion and purposefulness

What does industry vs. inferiority involve?

the child experiences the challenge of mastering new tasks

What does identity vs. role confusion involve? (don;t need to know yet)

attempt to form an identity and self concept

What does intimacy vs. isolation involve? (don’t need to know yet)

 the young adult must develop close and committed relationships

What does generativity vs. stagnation involve? (don’t need to know yet)

occurs in adulthood and midlife. The individual attempts to help future generations

What does ego integrity vs. despair involve? (don’t need to know yet)

how people accept their own lives as they approach death

What does Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning involve?

• unconditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response

• neutral stimulus

• conditioned stimulus

• conditioned response

What is an example of classical conditioning?

• unconditioned stimulus- nipple

• unconditioned response- sucking reflex

• neutral stimulus- bottle

• conditioned stimulus- bottle

• conditioned response- sucking reflex

What are the two factors of operant conditioning?

reinforcement (increases behavior) and punishment (decreases behavior)

Compare positive vs negative reinforcement and punishment

He believed thinking develops in a series of increasingly complex stages, each incorporating and revising those that precedes it

Piaget (Cognitive Theory)

How do people move from stage to stage in Piaget’s Cognitive Theory

• through the processes of direct learning, social transmission, and physical maturation

What are Piaget’s four cognitive stages?

• Sensorimotor

• Preoperational

• Concrete operational

• Formal operational

What happens during the sensorimotor stage and when does it occur?

Coordination of sensory and motor activity. Development of object permanence ).(understanding that objects still exist even when you can’t see them).

(Birth-2 years)

What happens during the preoperational stage and when does it occur?

Use of language and symbolic representation, egocentric view of the world

(2-7)

What happens during the concrete operational stage and when does it occur?

Solution of concrete problems through logical operations

(7-11)

What happens during the formal operations stage and when does it occur?

Systematic solutions of actual and hypothetical problems using abstract symbols
(12+)

What is a scheme (Piaget)

an organized pattern of thought or behavior

What is assimilation? (Piaget)

• Person interprets new ideas or experiences to fit existing schemes

What is accomodation? (Piaget)

•  Person changes existing schemes to fit new ideas or experiences

What is adaption (Piaget)?

• Interplay between assimilation and accommodation, resulting in development

What is Equilibrium (Piaget)

• Harmonious balance of a person’s schemes and experiences with the environment

As children grow there are Developmental changes in information processing - Such as…

• —- changes allow them to process information more efficiently

• Improved —— of the — ——- they are receiving - lead to more learning

• Develop ——— - understanding of how learning and thinking happens

• Overall increase in knowledge base

As children grow there are Developmental changes in information processing - Such as…

• Cognitive changes allow them to process information more efficiently

• Improved processing of the sensory information they are receiving - lead to more learning

• Develop metacognition - understanding of how learning and thinking happens

• Overall increase in knowledge base

What impacts development in Adult Lifespan Theories?

timing of events

ex:

• Children - go to school

• Young adults - marriage and parenthood

• Midlife - Career, parenthood

• Late life - Retirement, family, loss of spouse