Anatomy and Functions of the cell

Chapter 3

Cells

Smallest Structural units of living matter

Ribosomes

Produce Proteins

Nucleus

Houses DNA ( Center Of Cell )

Cytoplasm

Hold Organelles In Place ( Inside Cell )

Nuclear Envelope

Edge of Nucleus

Nuclear Pores

Materials pass in and out of nucleus ( Surface of nucleus )

Chromosomes

Part of genetic makeup / made of dna/proteins ( inside nucleus )

Chromatin

loosely oiled chromosomes ( Inside nucleus )

Nucleolus

Produce ribosomes ( in nucleus )

Ribosomes

Produce Proteins ( Attached to RER or cytoplasm )

RER ( Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum )

Site of protein synthesis ( Cytoplasm )

SER ( Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum )

Site of lipid synthesis ( Cytoplasm )

Golgi Apparatus

Collect, sort, and package proteins and lipids

Secretory Vesicle

Distributes materials out of cell ( Cytoplasm )

Lysosome

Enzymes that digest foreign material

Peroxisome

Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids

Mitochondria

Produce ATP synthesis

Microtubule

Provides structural support in cytoplasm and assist cell division ( Largest Diameter )

Centrioles

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Cilla ( Cell Surface )

Move materials across cell’s surface ( Many per cell )

Flagella ( Cell Surface )

Move Cell ( 1 per cell )

Microvilli ( Cell Surface )

Increase surface cell ( shorter that cilla )

Cytoskeleton

Cell’s framework/made of proteins

Cytoskeleton Functions

* Provides Support
* Hold Organelles in place
* Enable cell to change shape

Cytoskeleton Functions

Types of Cytoskeleton

* Microtubules
* Intermediate Filaments
* Microfilaments

Types of Cytoskeleton

Intermediate filaments

Maintain cell shape ( Medium diameter )

Microfilaments

Involved in cell movement ( Smallest diameter )

Cell ( Whole Activity )

Determine by the type of proteins produced.

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Proteins function is determined by genetics

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DNA Provides the cell with a code for its cellular process

DNA

Composed of nucleotides

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* DNA Replication
* Transcription
* Translation

3 stages of central dogma

Gene Expression

DNA directs protein synthesis

Proteins provide code for gene expression

Enzymes regulate chemical reaction

uses transcription and translation

Transcription

Produce mRNA ( Message RNA )

process by which DNA is read

Translation

Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids

Produces proteins

3 nucleotides bases carried by tRNA

Cell Division

Formation of a 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

( sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes )

Mitosis

Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occur when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells

Chromatid

Centromere

Centrioles

Components of Mitosis

Chromatid

2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical

Centromere

Where 2 chromatids are connected

Centrioles

Small organelles composed of 9 triplets

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Stages in Mitosis

Interphase

DNA is in strands (chromatin) DNA Replication occurs

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Centrioles move to opposite ends

Metaphase

Chromosome align

Anaphase

Chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes

Chromosomes moves towards centrioles

Telophase

Chromosomes disperse (cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells)

Cell Membrane

Outer most layer of cell

Extracellular

Material outside cell

Intracellular

Materials inside cell

Polar regions (heads)

Hydrophilic (heads)

Nonpolar regions (tails)

Hydrophobic (tails)

Membrane channels

Proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other

Carrier molecules

Bind to molecules, transport them across and drop them off

Vesicles

Can transport a variety of materials fuse with cell membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

Endocytosis

Process that brings materials into cell using vesicles

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Types of Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cell eating (solid particles)

Pinocytosis

Cell Drinking (liquid particles)

Exocytosis

Process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles