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What is the world made up of according to Baudrillard?
Empty and meaningless signs
Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Author
Walter Benjamin
What is the Frankfurt School known for?
Developing critical theory
What is Critical Theory?
A social theory meant to confront social structures that confine us as individuals
What theological idea was a key element in the formation of critical theory?
Marxism
What are Marxist ideas of social structure?
Ruling class controls the mean of production
What did the development of superstructure taking longer than development of base lead to?
Concentration of Ownership
Why is the power of the ruling class felt through all aspects of society and feel distinct change in manners of production?
Concentration of Ownership
Who owns the majority of stuff?
A few people and companies
What is the economy built of according to Walter Benjamin?
Rapid creation and distribution of goods
What shows that we internalized the power of the superstructure according to Walter Benjamin?
Alienation of labor (we don't know who makes our products)
What does reproducing art do to the original according to Walter Benjamin?
Devalues the original art
What are the social impacts of reproduction according to Walter Benjamin?
Destroys the aura Takes art out of hands of wealthy elite and give it to the masses
What changes when criteria of authenticity stops artistic expression from being about ritual Who said this?
The way we evaluate art Walter Benjamin
What of the object is tied to ritual or cult functions?
Aura
How does Marx define objects?
Only for what it's used for
What was the original form of reproductions?
Lithography
What does reproducing do to the value of art?
Lowers it
What era shows the ritual base for art being replaced?
Renaissance
What is the ritual base for art replaced with?
Shallow meaningless form (people are not involved in participating in form)
Where does the ritual base for art become replaced with shallow meaningless form?
The West
What is the value of art after reproduction?
Exchange value
What changes when criteria of authenticity stops artistic expression from being about ritual
The way we evaluate art
What does Berger believe the reproduction of art gives to the art?
False religiosity
When did the value of art become the exchange value?
During the invention of photography
What was the last gasp of modern art?
Photography
What does the viewer of a motion picture identify with?
The camera
Plays are more ________ than a motion picture because they are live and organic
personal
Film doesn't have the same ____ as a stage play
aura
Any aura is lost with ____________
reproduction
What does stage plays do that motion picture does not?
Maintain a natural distance to reality
What comparison can be used when comparing films to plays?
Magician vs Surgeon
Films ______________ the reaction in the audience
predetermine
What are the 2 reasons films are distraction for the masses with no aura?
They are a key attribute of reproduction
People look at film differently than art
Why do people look at art differently than film?
It is easier to watch a movie than see art (see Mona Lisa once but watch a movie hundreds of times)
Why does Walter Benjamin think that film is easier to analysis than art
Film behavior lends itself to talk
According to Benjamin, is is easier to analysis film or other types of artistic expression
Film
Why is it easier to analyze film than other types of artistic expression?
Every part of film can be analyzed
How does film give a different viewing experience than paintings?
Film gives no time to process what you're seeing
What must happen for an art form to become esthetic enough to satisfy the public?
Technology must catch up to it
According to Walter, what has happened due to the change in mode of art?
Quantity == Quality
Who came up with anesthetization of politics?
Walter Benjamin
Aestheticization of politics is a key component in what political group?
Fascist regimes
How are ads similar to fascist regimes
Allows individuals to feels as though they're not enough to they buy what the ad is selling
According to Walter, who relies heavily on aesthetic ritual?
Fascist regimes
What do rituals give but change?
Chance to channel emotion; nothing
What causes the lost of aura and general apathy of masses to popular entrainment according to Walter?
Aestheticization of politics
Who said that the strong use of art to stage public spectacles that has artificial aura gives individual the feeling that they have agency in playing an important role when in reality you have no agency and no control and machine is going to try and control you?
Walter Benjamin
What does mass entertainment distract us from?
The truth
Who wrote Medium is the message?
Marshall McLuhan
Who is the father of medium theory?
Marshall McLuhan
What does Medium theory examine?
The interrelationship and effects on human development
What mediated the experiences with pop culture people had with pop culture?
New forms of technology
What caused a growth in mass communication and mass communication culture?
WWII
What are the main Eras needed to understand McLuhan?
Tribal Era Literacy Era Print Era Electronic Era
What era did not have a fixed sense of time, reality, or truth due to being primarily oral?
Tribal Era
What era first used logical and linear thinking?
Literacy Era
Who said linear categories stems from the literacy era and invention of writing?
Marshall McLuhan
What did the Print Era see the growth of?
Machines and large city centers
What era saw mechanization/mass industrialization?
Print Era
What era saw the world become smaller again because there's instantaneous communication?
Electronic Era
Who coined the term global village?
Marshall McLuhan
Media is a fundamental part of the human ecosystem - Walter
Media Ecology
Who believed that if we studied how human media and interactions occur, we will gain deeper understanding of ourselves (Media ecology)
Marshall McLuhan
How does McLuhan understand history?
Through the dominate communication mode of that time
What was the first book with an academic study over advertisement and pop culture seriously?
Mechanical Bride - Marshall McLuhan
Where is the phrase 'We shape our tools and then our tools shape us' from?
Gutenberg Galaxy - Marshall McLuhan
Term used to describe electronic visual media shrinks the world and makes communication instant
Global Village
Who looked at Mass media and communication and its affect on people?
Marshall McLuhan
What do we need to pay attention to instead of content to understand media and how it affects us according to McLuhan?
Media
Why do we psychologically auto amputate bodily senses according to McLuhan?
Mass media has numb our consciousness
What did McLuhan tell the public?
They're passive, easily manipulated dupes and needed to wake up from deep sleep
Who predicted the rise of the internet?
Marshall McLuhan
What is media ecology?
Study of human media interaction in the natural environment
As we change media, ...
The media changes us
Define figure and ground
Figure: Media/technology Ground: Natural Environment
Change in one part of the ecosystem is met by...
a reactive change in another part of the ecosystem
What has happened as a result of technology giving us more time to produce more?
We consume more
What was created due to the retribalization of the world?
Global Village
What happened to cause the formation of the Global Village?
The world has been interconnected and interdependent
Who said 'The new electronic interdependence re-creates the world in the image of a global village'
Marshall McLuhan
According to McLuhan, what was the biggest danger to restructuring society due to how it affect the family dynamic?
Television
Is form or content more important to McLuhan?
Form
What is the different between hot and cool media?
Hot media: affects one sense at a high temperature Cool media: affects multiple senses simultaneously to a lesser degree
Examples of Hot media
Radio, photography, print, propaganda, realistic paintings
Examples of Cool media
Telephone, comics, speech, television, abstract oil painting
Does hot or cool media take mental effort to understand?
Cool media
Who came up with hot and cool media?
Marshall McLuhan
How does media manipulate the sense ratio?
Extends the senses
What happens when we extended our senses to the point they become numb?
We amputate it (stop using the sense due to over stimulation)
What are the four laws of Media?
Enhances, Reverses Into, Retrieves, Obsolescences
Describe Enhances in the Four Laws of Media
Extends, Amplifies, or Enhances some human capacity
Describe Reverses Into in the Four Laws of Media
When something is pushed to extreme, it reverses into opposite invention
Describe Retrieves in the Four Laws of Media
Retrieves experience or medium from the past
Describe Obsolescences in the Four Laws of Media
Makes an older medium obsolete
How has electronic and digital media affect art?
Created global village/allows us to view art anywhere in the world at a touch of the button
How has modern media caused the democratizing art and communication and the retribalization of it?
Art has been taken out of rigid print Creative Process given back to artists Easier to view art
What does digital art blur the lines of?
Authenticity and reproduction
What has allowed 'art is anything you can get away with' - McLuhan to occure?
Communication Media
What class of thinking did Baudrillard help to create?
Postmodernism
Note
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