exam 3 112

green algae is

the protist that gave rise to land plants

how long ago to algae split to land plants

405 mya

what are some major issues with life on land

exposure to sun, different nutrients, lack of water different temperatures

advantages of life on land

increased survival chances, less competition, new potential food options

4 main land plant features

multicellular haploid and diploid life

offspring contain all genetic info=diploid

embryo protection

small haploid portion of life cycle

how did plants jump from water to lan

adaptation

exapmples of adaptations

cuticle, stomata, tracheid, diploid genome, haploid

cuticle

waxy thing that keeps water in

stomato

allows for gas echange

tracheids

tubes that move nutrients throughout a plant

bryophytes nonvascular

closest and oldest living descendants of first land plants, dominant gametophyte (n) no roots have rhizoid

under bryo liverworts nonvascular

flattened haploid (n) gametophyte, moist env, sexual reproduction(gametangia) water moves sperm to egg

archegonia does?

egg producer

antheridia does?

sperm producer

asexual reproduction of liverworts

gemmae cups

under bry moss nonvascular

gametophyte (n) leaflike structures around stemlike axis, rhizoids to anchor and pull in nutrients

sporophyte of moss

gametophyte of moss

under bryo nonvascular hornworts

origin is unclear, sporophyte is photosynthetic, stomata for gas exchange

non vascular plant life time

most spent in gametophyte as (n)

parts of moss

vacsuclar seed less plant

tracheophyte

under tracheophyte vasc seedless cooksonia

oldest and first vascular plant, appeared 410 myo, only a few cm tall

key features of tracheophytes

homorsporous

vascular tissue

cuticle

stomata

leaves

homosporous

produce 1 type of spore increase survival of offspring

vascular tissue

increase nutrient absorption and size of plant

another positice of cuticle

helps decrease water loss

stomata

regulate gas exchange, water can leave but not enter

positive of leaves

allows for more photosynthesis

evolution of vascular system

1. stems size increase
2. roots established anchor, nutrient absorption
3. leaves increase photo
4. seeds protect embryo increase survival


1. flowers increase pollination

seedless vasc spend most time

as sporophyte and diploid

seedless vac plants include

tracheophytes, lycophytes(club mosses), pterophytes(whiskferns ferns horsetails),

lycophytes (club mosses)

worldwide distribution, abundant in tropics, dominant sporophyte, strolois=houses spores(repro structure)

pterophytes

still sorting out relatedness, all form antheridia and archegonia, all require free water for flagellated sperm

under ptero whisk ferns

found in tropics, forking green stems, symbiosis with fungi, gametophyte is underground

under ptero horsetails

sporophyte, photosynthetic stems, cells walls with silica known as scouring rush, strobilus contains spores

conditions for spore release

dry hot, unfavorable

why do plants release in poor conditions

so their offspring have the best chance of survival

advantage of having silica

structural integrity, protection against predators, enables taller plant

under ptero ferns

largest group, most diverse group of seedless vascular plants, large sporophyte, low light levels, cool, damp

rhizoid

stem of fern

rhizome

rootlike structure of fern

where are the spores of a fern

under the blade inside of the sporangium

why are the spores of ferns under the blade

protection, gravity helps release spores

more things about ferns

developmental independence & dominance of sporophyte, gametophyte lacks vacsular tissue, water moves sperm to egg

fiddlehead

tight coiled tips of ferns

caboniferous period

360-295 mya horsetails, whiskferns, ferns===fossil fuels

ex of vacs seed plant

maple

maple syrup come from

phylum anthophyta

maple syrup process

leaves run photosynthesis, in the winter sugar travels down through phloem, in the warmer months the sugar travels back up via the xylem where it is tapped

gal syruphow many gallons of sap have to be boiled to create one

60-70

faster method for syrup instead of boiling

filtering water out

acorn germination

oak mature 5-10 years after they

pollination

move pollen(sperm) to egg

fertilization

sperm fuses with egg=zygote

oak trees best friends

squirels, deer, turkeys, woodpeckers

what stragey do oak trees use when dispersing thousands of babies

something with R

vasc seed herbaceous

short life cycle, short lived

under herb annuals

die every year, regrow from seed/root base

under herb perinials

year after year, long lived

under herb evergreen

leaves year rounds

under herb decidous

looses leaves in major drop

seed vac woody

long lived, long life cycle

shoot system

stem part, repoduction, support, produce nutrients

root system

get water, nutrients, anchor

which group partners with root systems

mychorizzae

ground tissue

muscle/flesh stores nutrients bulk of plant body

vascular tissue

moves fluid and nutrients

dermal tissue

skin protection, decreases water loss

ground=parenchyma

most common tissue type, stores nutrients, photosynthesis, secretions

ground=collenshyma

durable, tough, string, felxibility and structural support

ground=schlerenchyma

hard, gritty, support, small level of protection, wood fibers, paper

what does grit do for a pear

protect developing cells

vascular tissues

xylem and phloem

xylem contains

dissolved minerals, water roots to shoots

ploem contains

sugar, shoots to roots

tracheid

back flow preventers (pits)

dermal tissues from top down

upper epidermis, palisade, xylem, phloem, lower epidermis

upper epidermis

cuticle, dead cells

palisade

mesophyll cell-photosynthetic

lower epidermis

opening for stoma

guard cells

regulate movement in and out located on side of stoma

stoma in heat

close, but doesn’t allow for gas exchange

trichomes

on dermal layer, hairs, protection against predation, trap evaporated water back into roots

woody plants

periderm epidermis that ages into hard swollen layer of dead cells decreases water loss\`

primary growth patterns

apical and lateral

apical

meristem tissue, growth from tip

lateral

width/girth

199-167 mya

angiosperms

what led to evolution of vasc seedless

hot dry environment

seedless vasc dominated during

mesozoic era relied on wind for pollination of seed

angio pollination

use animals that eat fruit

endosperm

nutrients for developing embryo

kay features for seed plants

vascular

sporophyte dominant

heterosporous

some are dioescous 1 gender

some are monodioesco

gymnosperm facts

\~319 mya bear naked seeds

unger gymno phylum coniferophyta

cone trees

304 mya

evergreens producing

needle

monocious

pollen cones

micrsporangium

seed cones

megasporangium

how long does it take a conifer tree to grow and produce cones

3 years

pollinations for the tree

7-10 days