Cognitive Development KINE 3500

Cognition refers to

the various faculties or mental processes through which knowledge is acquired and manipulated.

Cognition processes include

thinking, making memories, retrieving information, executive functions, language acquisitions, etc.

Cognitive Development is the changes in

structure and function in mental processes throughout the lifespan

Cognitive Development occurs as a result of what?

dynamic and reciprocal relationships occurring between genetics and environments.

Psychomotor Development Chart

is the relationship between the two

The brain consists of

Neurons, Hemispheres, and Lobes

The Brain - Neurons

Nervous System

Basic Unit: Neuron

Myelination : gradually increases as we develop, better quicker responses and connections

The Left Hemisphere of the brain is responsible for

- Sequential Processing

- Analytic Thought

- Logic

- Language

- Science and Math

The Right Hemisphere of the brain is responsible for

• Simultaneous processing

• Holistic thought

• Intuition

• Creativity

• Art & Music

The Brain Lobes

Compromised of 4 lobes

◦ Frontal – decision making, inhibition, motor control

◦ Parietal – interprets touch and proprioception

◦ Temporal – House memories, emotions, language

◦ Occipital – Interprets visual stimuli

Picture of Brain Lobes

What are the different theories of Cognitive Development

Jean Piagets : Cognitive Development Theory

Lev Vygotsky’s : Sociocultural Theory

Bronfenbrenner’s : Bioecological Theory

Information Processing Theory

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development

Viewed intelligence as a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment.

• Constructivism (How children create their own understandings of things)

• Interactionist (thinking and experiences interacting)

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development used what kind of method to collect data

Clinical

• system of asking questions and obtaining answers

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development stages are

Invariant, children pass through each, and each stage is more complex

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development : Sensorimotor Stage

Birth-2 Years

• Intelligence develops because of movement and sensing

• Creeping and Crawling allow for the interaction with new objects, new situations, new surfaces, new people, that facilitate learning

• Object Permanence : cover an object with a blanket, but baby things it disappeared all the way

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development : Preoperational Stage

2 to 7 Years Old

• Egocentric

• Play

• Motor activities such as walking increase interactions with others and increases awareness of others and their needs

• cannot put themselves in others shoes

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development : Concrete Operational Stage

7 to 11 years old

• child begins to think logically

• Ability to mentally modify, organize, or even reverse thought processes; mental representation; aware of alternate solutions; decentering; seriation

Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development : Formal Operational Stage

11- 12 years old

• child understands abstract ideas, concepts

• Not based on observation or reality

• Hypothetical deductive reasoning, can sort out various propositions to arrive at a solution

Postformal Operations has been suggested by

other researcher’s

• involves how individuals deal with large quantities of information

• flexible, logical and complex

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s Theory?

• Clinical method lacks scientific control

• Observation was of own children

• Highest level of intellectual development is thought to occur at age 11, what about adulthood?

• Does not account for motivation or emotion

• Piaget says little about the role of parents

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory states that cognitive development occurs in

sociocultural context and evolves out of social interactions with other members of one’s culture

• Knowledge is dependent on social experiences

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory states that cognitive development varies from

society to society due to differences in language, values, customs, etc.

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Chart

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory states that the concept of Zone of Proximal Development

is the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what a learner can accomplish with guidance and assistance from another

In Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, the concept is the process of Scaffolding is

modifying level of support or guidance another individual needs to accomplish a task

• Is how (provide support, guidance) an individual can accomplish a task

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model states that cognitive development occurs

in context of several nested systems that interact with each other and the individual

• This means there are many reciprocal/bidirectional influences occurring to bring about development

What is the Bioecological Model

What is Microsystem

the immediate physical and social environment of the individual

(Bioecological Model)

What is the consistent interrelationship between 2+ microsystems

Mesosystem

(Bioecological Model)

What is Exosystem

consists of social settings that are not experienced directly, but they still influence development

(Bioecological Model)

What is Macrosystem

consist of the culture and society contexts

(Bioecological Model)

What is Chronosystem

embodies all systems and captures the idea that people, their environments, their relationships will change overtime.

(Bioecological Model)

Information Processing Model states that the

brain acts like a computer and cognitive development occurs in the same way that a computer processes information

What is the Information Processing Theory (flow chart)

What are some different concepts from the Information Processing Theory

Memory is the process of identifying, storing, and retrieving information (Sigelman and Rider, p. 234)

• Primary Memory/Short Term Sensory Storage

• Secondary Memory/ Short Term Memory

• Long Term Memory

What is Primary Memory

Short Term Sensory Stage Memory

• information is held for a second, unlimited capacity

What is Secondary Memory?

Short Term Memory

• information is stored and can be transformed to long term memory

What is Long term memory

Where information is stored and can be transformed to long term memory

Children do not use there

memory systems as effectively as adults; thus memory may be the cause of differences in motor performance

Differences in memory of children vs adult could be due to

the capacity of mental space or use of strategies

Children have a _____ data based on fewer experiences

smaller

Memory and Children Forgetting curve , __________ and ___________

Primacy and Recency Effect

The primacy effect-information of the forgetting curve

presented first is remembered more

( list of 12 grocery items, you remember the first 3)

Recency Effect-Information of the forgetting curve

presented last is also remembered more

• list of 12 grocery items and you lose list, you remember the last 3 items

What is knowledge?

information, understanding, or skills gained from experience or education

• Declarative, Procedural, and Strategic

Declarative Knowledge

factual information

Procedural Knowledge

how to do something

Strategic Knowledge

knowing general rules or strategies

Movement is ________ for cognitive processes

Essential

Doing movement shows Improvements in cognition , _________, _____________

academic achievement, neuropsychological test

(2018 Physical Activity Guidelines)

Greater amounts of physical activity are associated with

a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease)

Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans chart

Cognition takes part of your entire life

Habitual - Everyday

Acute - Maybe once in awhile

REMEMBER THIS CHART

How is Cognition Measured?

Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function

• Inhibition, working memory, planning

Instructions for how Stroop Test is Measured

Measures Executive Function, Processing Speed

Words are presented in a certain color, however individuals are required to say the color of the word not what the word says.

◦ Example: RED, you should say "Blue."

How is HTKS-R Cognition measured

• Head, Toes, Knees, and Shoulders Raised

• Executive Function and Behavioral Self-Regulation

Instruction:

• Children are first asked to follow rules: “Touch your head, touch your toes, etc.” Then they are told to switch and respond opposite to what they are told

• (e.g., When asked to touch head, child would touch their toes)