MODULE 4: (PART 3): WAXES, PROSTAGLANDINS, METHODS OF EXTRACTION & USP TESTS

WAXES

Esters resulting from condensation of high molecular-weight, straight chain fatty acids and high molecular weight, straight chain alcohols.

Found in outer cell walls of epidermal tissue

SYNTHETIC SPERMACETI/ CETYL ESTERS WAX

It is used as an emulsifying aid and as a stiffening agent in pharmaceutical preparations.

Physeter macrocephalus

Physeteridae

SYNTHETIC SPERMACETI/ CETYL ESTERS WAX SOURCE AND FAMILY NAME?

hexadecyl esters of fatty acids

SYNTHETIC SPERMACETI/ CETYL ESTERS WAX CONSTITUENTS?

JOJOBA OIL

Hydrogenated form (crystalline wax) resembling spermaceti.

USES OF JOJOBA OIL

Emollient and pharmaceutical necessity

Simmondsia chinensis (Link)

Buxaceae

JOJOBA OIL SOURCE AND FAMILY NAME?

45 – 55% Eicosanoic acids: eicosanol and docosenol

JOJOBA OIL CONSTITUENTS

BEESWAX/YELLOW WAX

Stiffening agent, ingredient of yellow ointment, and base for cerates and plasters.

• Cerates – ointment that does not melt easily.

White wax bleached purified wax from the honeycomb of the bee

pharmaceutically in ointments and in cold creams

Apis mellifera

Apidae

BEESWAX/YELLOW WAX SOURCE AND FAMILY NAME?

Myricyl palmitate, Myricyl cerotate, hypogaeate, Cerotic acid, and Hydrocarbon (pollen and propolis).

BEESWAX/YELLOW WAX CONSTITUENTS?

CARNAUBA WAX

Candle manufacturing, wax varnishes leather and furniture polishes (Substitute for beeswax)

 Copernicia prunifera (Mueller)

Arecaceae

CARNAUBA WAX SOURCE AND FAMILY NAME?

 Myricyl cerotate, free monohydric alcohol, and lactone, resinC20 lipid metabolites formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty acids of the diet.

CARNAUBA WAX CONSTITUENTS?

PROSTAGLANDINS

C20 lipid metabolites formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty acids of the diet.

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDINS

Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles of female reproductive system and cardiovascular system, intestinal tract, and bronchi.

Influence gastric secretion and renal function

PROSTAGLANDIN F2α

PGF2α / Dinoprost

Available as tromethamine salt for use in terminating 2nd trimester pregnancy.

Stimulates contractions of the uterus.

OxyToxic agent (Pampalaglag)

Usually at a dose of 40mg thru slow inj. in the amniotic sac.

PGF2α / Dinoprost

Usually at a dose of 40mg thru slow inj. in the amniotic sac.

15 METHYL PROSTAGLANDIN F2α

15 Methyl PGF2α / Carbopost

Available as tromethamine salt for use in terminating 2nd trimester pregnancy

Stimulates contractions of the uterus

Oxytoxic agent

With a usual dose of 200 mcg in deep IM.

15 Methyl PGF2α / Carbopost

With a usual dose of 200 mcg in deep IM.

PROSTAGLANDIN E2

Dinoprostone 

Uterine Stimulant

Terminates 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Available as vaginal suppository.

PROSTAGLANDIN E1

Alprostadil

Uterine Stimulant

Produces vasodilatation, inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates uterine smooth muscles

EXPRESSION

Process of mechanically pressing of liquid out of liquid containing solids

Most widely used for fixed oils

COLD EXPRESSION

TYPE OF EXPRESSION:

No heat, only a portion of fixed oils are obtained.

HOT EXPRESSION

TYPE OF EXPRESSION:

With heat, the rest of the portion of fixed oils are obtained here.

RENDERING

It consists of cutting or chopping the fatty tissue into small pieces that are boiled in open vats or cooked in steam digesters.

Most widely used for fats

EXTRACTION BY SOLVENTS

A process in which compounds are separated based on their relative solubilities

Hexane is the most used solvent for extraction

Most widely used for fats

ACID VALUE OR ACID NUMBER

It is the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it.

Analyte – fat

Titrant – KOH

Measures hydrolytic rancidity 

Checks if the fats are still edible

High acid value – Rancid (Not edible)

The glycerides when slowly decompose, the acid value increases.

Rancid (Not Ecible)

High Acid Value = ?

 SAPONIFICATION VALUE/KOTTSDORFER

It is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 g of fat under the conditions specified

It is the measure of how much is the content of fatty acids in the substance.

High saponification = High content of fat

High content of fat

High saponification = ?

IODINE VALUE

The mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 g of fats or oil.

Measures the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids.

High iodine value = Higher chance of rancidity.

Higher chance of rancidity

High iodine value = ?