Period 1 Heimler Review

For DBQ

Main Idea of Period 1

the natives of the American continent were a diverse people that had diverse societies based on the kinds of environments in which they lived 

Pueblo People

Advanced irrigation systems in the plains, made small urban centers out of clay bricls, most famous for magnificent cliff dwellings. Utah and Colorado

Canada/Great Basin Region

Nomadic great plains hunters of buffalo, wandered in small egalitarian kinship bands

Ute People

In Northwest and on Pcific coast, developed permaent settlements because of abundance of fish and small game and a diversity of plant life.

Chumash People

In California, villages with over 1000 people, regional trade networks up and down the coast

Chinook Peoples

Pacific Northwest, built extensive plank houses

Iroquois People

Farmers in Northeast, lived in long houses from lumber in area

Cahokia People

Farmers, because rich soil, largest civilization 10k-30k people, centralized government, utilized waterways for trade

1300-1400s European Migration

Europeans developing trade routes through teh Americas because of competition with Middle Eastern Trade Routes

Portugal

First to establish alternate trade routes as a European nation, gained strong foothold in Indian Ocean Trade Network

Trading Post Empire

Empire strengthened by trading posts established across many different continents and countries

New Maritime Technology

Sea Technology allowing europeans to come and conquer the Americas

Updated Astronomical Charts

Used by Portuguese for reckoning on sea

Astrolabe

Used for navigation and time, originally made by islamic world

New Ships

Smaller and quicker on riversd and seas

Latin Sail

Bprrowed technology to enhance European ships

Stern Post Rudder

Helped ships navigate more accurately

Reconquest of Iberian Peninsula

Spain just finished taking back area from muslim moors and now desired sea trade

Reconquest Consequences

1) Spain wants to spread Catholic Christianity, 2) victory makes spain seek new economic opportunities in the east

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailor asking Ferdinand and Isabella to fund his voyage west to find wealth, sailed in 1492, landed in the Caribbean

San Salvador

The turning point where Columbus landed in the Bahamas

Colombian Exchange

The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from teh east to teh west

Items of the Colombian Exchange

Food: potatoes, tomatoes and maize go from Americas to Europe; Europe to Americas = wheat, rice, soybeans

Animals: Americas send over turkeys; Europeans introduce cattle, pigs, horses

GREAT IMPORTANCE =silver and gold in Americas

Disease Transfer

Kills off most native populations, natives give Europeans syphillis as vengeance

Fuedalism

European system, peasants work on noble’s land in exchange for protection, new ealth disrupts system

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free exchange

Joint Stock Company

A limited liability organization in which a plurality of investors pooled their money to fund a venture

Limited Liability

If the venture fails, no one person suffers the consequences entirely, but if it succeeded, then everyone shared in the profits.

Spain

first great player, focuses on agriculture to boost economy

Encomienda System

Spaniards force natives to work on their sprawling plantations and extract gold and silver in other locations

Problems with Encomienda

Natives could escape Spaniards because of familiarity with the land, Natives dying in massive numbers because smallpox

Reasons for African Importation

Africans didn’t know American geography, Afro-Eurasia slave networks already existed, more immunity to European diseases

Casta System

Categorized people in the Americas based on their racial ancestry

Peninsulares

Top of Casta system, Spaniards born in Spain/Iberian Peninsula

Croyoyos/Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas, second in Casta system

Casters/Mestizos

Born of spanish and native blood, 3rd in Casta system

Mulattos

Of Spanish and African blood, 4th in casta system,

Africans

5th in Casta system

Native Americans

Last and lowest in Casta system

JUan Guiness de Sepulveda

Argues natives are less than human and they actually benefitted from harsh labor conditions

Bartolome de las casas

Persuaded king to pass laws ending the slavery of the natives, still racist against Africans