patho test 3

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142 Terms

1
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rhinovirus is most prevalent in

early fall and late spring

2
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rhinovirus is the most common source of colds in

5-40 year olds

3
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how many know serotypes of the rhinovirus are there

100+

4
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acquire lifetime immunity to an individual serotype

rhinovirus

5
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respiratory syncytial virus is prevalent in what months

winter & spring

6
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viruses most common in children under 3 years old

respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza

7
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parainfluenza accounts for 75% of the cases for

croup / acute laryngotracheobronhitis

8
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H. influenza is a secondary complication of

viral pneumonia

9
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acute bacterial rhinosinustis can be due to

h. influenza or streptococcus pneumonia

10
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h. influenza is the name for any infection caused by

bacteria

11
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h. influenza can be the cause of

epiglottis

12
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peptostreptococcus can cause

chronic rhinosinusitus

13
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fusobacterium can cause

chronic rhinosinusitus

14
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subtype hemagglutinin (HA) and subtype neuraminidase (NA) are

strands of influenza virus

15
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subtype hemagglutinin (HA) is an

attachment protein that aids viral entry

16
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subtype neuraminidase (NA) aids

viral replication and release from host cel

17
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fatty liver & encephalitis

reyes syndrome

18
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triavelent inactivated influenza vaccine

TIIV

19
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live attenuated influenza vaccine

LAIV

20
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what is LAIV

a type of flu vaccine in the form of nasal spray

21
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how often is a new flu vaccine made

yearly

22
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lobar pneumonia

infection found contained within a part or all of a lung lobe

23
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bronchopneumonia

patchy infection involving more than one lobe

24
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community acquired pneumonia

infections begin in an individual outside of a hospital or nursing home setting

25
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pneumonia in immunocompromised person

compromised hosts are without many of the functioning defenses that protect us from morbidity and mortality when exposed to infective agents

26
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examples of pneumonia in immunocompromised persons

bone marrow/organ transplantation, cancers, on immunosuppressant drugs

27
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squamous cell carcinoma consists of

24-40% of bronchogenic carcinomas

28
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bronchogenic carcinomas

aggressive, locally invasive, metastatic tumors that arise from epithelial lining of bronchi;

29
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adenocarcinoma makes up how much of bronchogenic carcinomas

25-40%

30
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mostly in male smokers

squamous cell carcinoma

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squamous cell carcinoma originates in

central bronchi

32
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amenable to early detection; metastasis outside the thorax occurs later than in other bronchogenic cancers

squamous cell carcinoma

33
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most common type found in US; most common form found in women and nonsmokers

adenocarcinoma

34
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more peripheral in location & associated with areas of scarring

adenocarcinoma

35
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small cell carcinoma makes up ____ of bronchogenic carcinomas

20-25%

36
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small cell carcinoma

distinctive small, round oval cells that grow in clusters; strong association with cigarette smoking, highly malignant

37
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70% have undergone metastases at time of diagnosis; brain involvement common

small cell carcinoma

38
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large cell carcinoma makes up

10-15%

39
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large polygonal cells, tend to occur at lung periphery

large cell carcinoma

40
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large cell carcinoma has poor

prognosis because of early spread

41
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expiratory grunt

when child tries to raise the functional residual capacity by closing the glottis at the end of expiration

42
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nasal flaring

method used by infants to take in more air; reduces nasal resistance and maintains airway potency (open)

43
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inspiratory retractions

pulling in the soft tissue surround the cartilaginous and bony thorax is seen when the airway is obstructed

44
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extra-thoracic airway obstruction affects

nose, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea

45
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extra-thoracic airway obstruction produces

turbulence of airflow and audible inspiratory crowing sound, stridor

46
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intrathoracic airway obstruction

bronchi and bronchioles

47
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intrathoracic airway obstruction produces

audible wheezing or whistling sound

48
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respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

hyaline membrane disease; common in premature infants

49
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bronchopumonary dysplasia (BPD)

chronic pulmonary disease that develops in premature infants who were treated with mechanical ventilation

50
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croup or acute laryngotracheobornchitis is a

viral infection that affects larynx, trachea and bronchi

51
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commonly seen in children 3 months to 5 years old

croup

52
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usually follows a cold, observe stridor and a wet, barking coughs, symptoms lessen with moist air

croup

53
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epiglottitis

life threatening supraglottic infection that may cause airway obstruction and asphyxia

54
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child sits with mouth open and chin thrust forward; can be caused by haemophilus

epiglottitis

55
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bronchiolitis is caused by

respiratory syncytial virus

56
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most commonly seen in children under 2

bronchiolitis

57
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symptoms of bronchiolitis

breathlessness, rapid or shallow breathing, wheezing, cough and inspiratory retraction

58
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hydrothorax

clear fluid serous transudate (congestive heart failure)

59
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exudates

pleural fluid with specific gravity > 1.020 (infections)

60
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empyema

purulent pus drainage with direct infection or lung abscess rupture

61
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chylothorax

effusion of lymph into thoracic cavity

62
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hemothorax

presence of blood; requires drainage

63
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atelectasis

incomplete expansion of lung due to airway obstruction, lung compression or increased recoil of lung

64
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pneumothorax

lung compression

65
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without surfactant

increased recoil of lung

66
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extrinsic (atopic) asthma is initiated by

type 1 hypersensitivity rxn after exposure to extrinsic antigen or allergin

67
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usual onset in childhood/adolescent, family history of atopic allergy; often other allergic disease are present

atopic asthma

68
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intrinsic (nonatopic) asthma

triggered by infections, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, drugs, chemicals, airborne pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux

69
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exercise induced asthma occurs in _____ of cases

40-90%

70
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severe (refractory) asthma

less than 5% increased risk for fatal attacks

71
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chronic obstructive bronchitis

small airway obstruction

72
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emphysema

enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung disease

73
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loss of lung elasticity, enlargement of alveolar air spaces

emphysema

74
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hyperinflation of lungs with increased TLC is an example of

emphysema

75
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causes of _____ include smoking, inherited a1 antitrypsin deficiency

emphysema

76
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bronchiectasis

uncommon COPD type, permanent dilation of bronchi due to muscle or elastic tissue destruction with infection and inflammation

77
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saccular bronchiectasis

proximal 3rd-4th generation bronchi affected, dilated bronchi end in blind sacs with collapse and fibrosis of distal lung tissue

78
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cylindrical bronchiectasis

uniform, moderate dilation of 6th-8th generation of airways, milder disease

79
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varicose bronchiectasis

2nd-8th generation of bronchi affected; bronchi resemble varicose veins; variable symptoms; not as severe

80
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localized bronchiectasis

caused by tumors, foreign material and mucus plugs, affects any area of lung

81
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generalized bronchiectasis

affects lower lobes, bilateral; due to inherited or acquired disorders

82
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some disorders that may cause generalized bronchiectasis

decreased mucociliary function with cystic fibrosis, TB infection, exposure to toxic gases

83
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pulmonary embolism

blood-borne substance lodges in pulmonary artery branch obstructing flow; 1o arise from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in lower exterminates

84
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pulmonary embolism results in

bronchi constriction, lower ventilation and or gas exchange, loss of surfactant that can lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure

85
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medium emboli

breathlessness and pleuritic pain; blood streaked sputum

86
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massive emboli

crushing substernal pain, shock, lower BP, neck vein distention, skin cyanosis, often fatal

87
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treated with thrombolytics and then long-term heparin/warfarin treatment

pulmonary embolism

88
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secondary pulmonary hypertension

associated with cardiac or pulmonary diseases

89
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) results from

aspiration, drugs/toxins/therapeutic agents, infections or trauma/shock

90
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breathing becomes more difficult; impaired gas exchange and hypoxia

ARDS

91
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what happens during ARDS

produce different epithelial cell injury with increased permeability of alveolar- capillary membrane; leads to edema fluid accumulation, surfactant inactivation & impervious hyaline membrane

92
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ventilation-perfusion mismathching

areas receive blood but no air OR air but no blood; seen with COPD, pneumonia, atelectasis, restrictive lung diseaseca

93
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can have anesthetic affect on CNS

CO2 narcosis

94
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achalasia

lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t releax

95
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barrett esophagus

strictures caused by scar tissue, spasm and edema

96
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hiatal hernia

abnormal gap around the wall of the esophagus can produce herniation of stomach into the thoracic cavity h

97
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heartburn

servere, appears 30-60 min after eating, worsened by bending at waist

98
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esophageal diverticulum

out pocketing of esophageal wall caused by weakness of muscularis; can retain food within diverticulum

99
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helicobacter pylori gastritis

antrum and body, very common in US; gram negative motile rod-shaped bacterium that moves through mucous layer of stomach; produces ammonia to buffer stomach acid; produces enzyme and toxins that produce inflammation and elicit immune response

100
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autoimmune gastritis

least common; found in fundus and body, associated with pernicious anemia; autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, hypochloremia, increased PH, risk of developing gastric carcinoma