GEOG 1120 Final Exam Master Study Guide Flashcards

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering the core concepts, historical facts, and regional details of Atlantic Canada, Western Canada, and British Columbia as presented in the GEOG 1120 study guide.

Core

A dominant, well-connected area with concentrated population, markets, decision-making, manufacturing, and services.

Periphery

An isolated and dependent area that supplies staples or raw materials to outside markets and receives capital from a core.

Mainstreet Canada

The traditional national core stretching from Windsor to Quebec City, characterized by dense population and political power.

Staples Theory

The argument that Canadian regional development is driven by the export of commodities like fish, timber, wheat, minerals, and oil.

Centralist vs. Decentralist Faultline

A long-term stressor in Canada concerning the division of jurisdiction and tension between federal control and provincial residents.

English vs. French Faultline

A regional stressor rooted in conquest, religion, and identity, appearing in Acadian history and early Manitoba schooling.

Old vs. New Canadians Faultline

A stressor regarding the transition from largely British/European immigration to more globally diverse migration concentrated in cities.

Indigenous vs. Non-Indigenous Faultline

A stressor related to land claims, reserves, residential schools, treaty rights, and sovereignty, such as the Mi’kmaq fisheries.

Fortress Louisbourg

A French military and trading centre on Cape Breton captured by the British twice before its eventual destruction.

Acadians

French-speaking settlers of Acadie; more than $10,000$ were expelled by the British between $1755$ and $1763$.

Halifax

Founded by the British in $1749$ as a garrison and port city to counter French power at Louisbourg.

Edward Cornwallis

The founder of Halifax who issued a scalping proclamation in $1749$, making his commemoration a subject of modern controversy.

Africville

A Black community in Halifax that faced environmental racism, being denied basic services before its demolition in the $1960s$.

Environmental Racism

A geographical concept illustrated by the unequal provision of urban services and the placement of toxic industries near marginalized communities.

Charlottetown Conference

Early discussions hosted in Prince Edward Island that led to PEI being labeled the Birthplace of Confederation.

British North America Act

The legislation that came into force on July 1, $1867$, creating the federal division of powers in Canada.

Sydney Tar Ponds

A site of toxic industrial waste from steel and coke operations with a cleanup cost of approximately $\\textdollar 400\,million$.

Tragedy of the Commons

When individual actors have an incentive to over-harvest a shared resource, leading to ecological collapse, as seen in the cod fishery.

1992 Cod Moratorium

A federal fishing ban that forced approximately $30,000$ Newfoundlanders out of traditional livelihoods after the collapse of cod stocks.

Grand Banks

The broad, shallow continental shelf southeast of Newfoundland that was historically one of the world's richest fishing areas.

Marshall Decision

A $1999$ Supreme Court ruling reaffirming Mi’kmaq treaty rights to hunt, fish, and gather for a moderate livelihood.

Atlantic Immigration Pilot

A program designed to address labour shortages in Atlantic Canada by involving employers in the recruitment and retention of newcomers.

Nova Scotia Population Milestone

The marker reached in late $2021$ when the province's population reached $1\,million$ residents.

Halifax Housing Vacancy

The recorded vacancy rate of approximately $1\%$ during the recent population boom, which contributed to high rent inflation.

Confederation Bridge

A $12.9\,km$ link connecting New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, reshaping regional accessibility and trade.

Palliser’s Triangle

A dry-arid region of the Prairies that John Palliser warned was poorly suited to agriculture due to moisture limitations.

Bison

A keystone species central to Plains Indigenous food systems whose destruction in the $1870s$ facilitated colonial settlement.

Treaty Six

A key treaty in the Prairies where land loss and reserve restrictions contributed to the disruption of mobile hunting economies.

Louis Riel

A Métis political leader who led resistance to Canadian control and helped negotiate the creation of Manitoba.

1870

The year Manitoba joined Confederation, initially as a province where the dominant language was French and the religion was Catholicism.

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)

The transcontinental infrastructure that converted the Prairie hinterland into a connected agricultural settlement corridor.

Craigellachie

The location where the ceremonial Last Spike was driven on November 7, $1885$, completing the CPR.

Grain Elevators

Iconic Prairie structures that served as economic and social centres for farmers until agricultural consolidation led to many closures.

Winnipeg

A city located at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers once known as the Gateway to the West.

Red River Floodway

A bypass channel approximately $45\,km$ long built to protect the urban core of Winnipeg from severe flooding.

Potash

Naturally occurring potassium salts used as fertilizer, found Saskatechewan deposits located $1,000$ to $3,000\,m$ underground.

Crude-Oil Reserve Ranking

The global position of Alberta's proven oil reserves, ranked as the $3rd$ largest in the world.

Western Sedimentary Basin

The geological region that supplies approximately $95\text{--}96\%$ of Canada's oil.

Calgary–Edmonton Corridor

A newer Canadian core created by the concentration of jobs, investment, and population from the oil and gas boom.

Western Alienation

A perception of second-class treatment of the West by the federal government and Central Canada, linked to the decentralist faultline.

Hydrogen

A potential energy transition fuel for Alberta that can be produced via electrolysis but faces high infrastructure costs.

Cordillera

Mountainous terrain in British Columbia that channels settlement into valleys and coastal lowlands.

Cultural Genocide

A term used by Justice Murray Sinclair to describe the separation of Indigenous children from their families and traditions via residential schools.

198 Indigenous Groups

The specific count of First Nations groups in British Columbia mentioned in the course notes, representing about one-third of the national total.

Fraser Canyon Landslide

A $1914$ event caused by railway construction that blocked salmon passage and damaged the regional ecosystem.

Stumpage

The fee that businesses or individuals pay to the government for harvesting timber from Crown land in British Columbia.

Northeast Coal Project

A major early-$1980s$ resource development in northern BC that focused on exporting coal to the Japanese steel industry.

Tumbler Ridge

An interior BC town built in approximately three years to support coal extraction for global markets.

Tsilhqot’in Decision

A landmark ruling granting Aboriginal title over $440,000\,hectares$, shifting control over peripheral resource landscapes toward Indigenous holders.

Mackenzie Forestry Jobs

The total of $433$ direct jobs lost following the closures of the Canfor and Paper Excellence mills.