Week Six: Human evolution and applications

Hominids

Great apes are also called ______ and are relatively large bodied with long arms, short legs, and no tails

Bipedal

Humans are the only living great ape that is fully _____

7

Human evolution began _ million years ago

synapomorphy

Bipedalism is the ________ that defines the hominins

homo sapiens

Hominins are the monophyletic group comprimising ____ _______

20

There are more than __ extinct bipedal relatives

gorilllas

DNA sequence data shows that humans are most closely related to the common chimpanzees and bonbobs, followed by _______

Gracile austra, robust austra, early homo, recent homo

Most researchers agree that hominins can be organized into these four general groups

bipedalism

Fossil evidence indicates: the shared derived character that defines the hominins is _______

multiple species

Fossil evidence indicates: the hominin family tree has many branches, there was not linear progression from one species to another. This means _____ _____ of hominins lived on earth at the same time

large brains

Fossil evidence indicates: Compared with other homins, species in the genus homo have extremely _____ ______ relative to overall body size

natural selection

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that ______ _______ for the ability to reason and communicate was triggered by increased tool and language use resulting in humans with large brains

Out-of-Africa hypothesis

The leading hypothesis for the evolution of Homo sapiens in called the ___-__-_____ ________

dispersed throughout the world

Out-of-Africa hypothesis states that H. sapiens evolved its distinctive traits in Africa and then ________ _______ __ _____

Independently

H. Sapiens evolved _______ of earlier European and Asian species of homo

fossil record

Phylogenetic trees based on genetic comparisons of diverse human populations living today agree with pattern in _____ _____

first lineages

_____ _____ branch off led to descendant populations that live in africa today

one

Sequence data from modern aboriginal Australians support the hypothesis that the human migration our of Africa occurred in more that ___ way

Australia

The first wave of humans moving was to ______

eurpoe and mainland asia

The second wave of humans moving was to _____ and _____ _____

Neanderthals

1% - 4% of the genome of indigenous europeans and asians, but not africans, is derived from __________

Denisovans

About 5% of the genome of aboriginal Australia is derived from __________

thermoregulation, carrying tools, long-distance migration

Bipedalism was good for ________, ______ _____, ___-_____ _______

stone tool use

We are separated from other hominins because of our _____ _____ ___

language gene

There is no fossil evidence of language, but there is molecular evidence from the _____ _____

FOXP2

Another name for the language gene

Hyoid bone

_____ ____ positioned to allow the tongue movements in speech

cooperation and altruism

Humans can perform actions of _________ and ______ due to increased brain size

0.5

Any two humans differ by around __% of the genome

85

There is __% genetic variation within populations

8

_% difference among populations within groups (eg. between Yoruba and Kikuyu)

many

skin colour is associated with ____ genes

MC1R

the ____ gene has two alleles, one associated with light and one with dark pigmentation

higher

Natural selection favours more darker skin pigmentation in ______ UV regions

folate

An essential nutrient that cannot be synthesized, must be obtained from diet, nececarry for DNA repair and synthesis, deficiencies decrease fertility

Vitamin D

Can be obtained via diet, can be synthesized in our bodies, biosynthesis requires UV light, regulates immune function and protects from pathogens

fitness trade-off

Human skin pigmentation illustrates a ______ _____-___

balancing

We see __________ selection in skin pigmentation

low

In _____ UV there is less of a fitness trade-off due to skin pigmentation

heterozygous

__________ individuals are strongly protected against malaria

geographically or ethnically

Most genetic variation in humans is explained by difference among individuals, mush less so for ________ or _______ defined groups.

more accurate

Only a handful of genetic variants associated with ethnic groups can lead to ____ _______ diagnoses

rapid environmental

Biology cannot keep pace with cultural and _____ __________ change

hygiene/old friends

Hypothesis that: modern medicine and hygiene practices removed some coevolved microbiota, leading to immune system dysregulation

5

Women who regularly take oral contraception are _ times more at risk for developing breast cancer than that of non-contraceptive women

ovarian

Some oral contraceptives also reduce the chances of _______ cancer

selected

we die because any mutation that sufficiently improves reproductive performance early in life at the expense of performance later in life will still be ________

Antagonistic pleiotropy

genetic coupling of traits, increased reproduction reduces lifespan (reproduction-survival tradeoff or the cost of reproduction)

reproductive

Ageing and lifespan have not evolved because they are being selected for, but as by-products of selection for ___________ success in younger individuals

cancer

Every _______ is an independent evolutionary process - multiple clones originate through mutation, then compete for resources (nutrition, waste disposal, space)

Restricting

__________ the dose used in chemotherapy should maintain clonal competition, significantly delaying the emergence of malignancy, prolonging patient survival

pathogens

Pathogens are in a coevolutionary arms-race with the pharmaceutical industry -- ________ are currently winning

6

takes _ months or less to see the emergence of resistance in new antibiotics

antimicrobial resistance

Ancient diseases are now seeing a reemergence (Tuberculosis) due to the rise of ___________ __________

horizontal gene transfer

AMR more commonly arises due to _________ ____ ________ rather than de novo mutations

nearby hosts

AMR-genes acquired from the environment or ______ _____ that are not necessarily closely-related, such as commensals that inhabit our microbiomes

direct uptake

AMR-gene movement facilitated by: plasmids, viruses, other mobile genetic elements, _____ ______

faster

Expect the evolution of AMR to be much _____ than if the genes involved were only vertical transmitted

large doses

Current practices try to reduce de novo resistance mutations using _____ _____ of antibiotics administered for long periods + cycling through ABs