Patho/Pharm Exam 1 CH 7, 8, 10

Six questions of disease

1. Etiology - cause

2. Pathogenesis - how did the disease develop

3. Clinical manifestations - signs and symptoms

4. Diagnosis - identification of disease

5. Treatment - interventions to manage or cure disease

6. Prognosis - expected outcome

neoplasia

new growth/abnormal cell growth

benign

1. non cancerous

2. no potential to kill hoast (unless its in a bad location)

3. doesnt invade or spread

4. grows slowly with little vascularity

5. often retain function

6. many are encapsulated

malignant

1. deadly, grows rapidly

2. vascular

3. dysfunctional

4. irregular shape

5. tissue invasion

what systems does cancer use to spread

circulatory and lymphatic

angiogenesis

Cancer tumor forms new blood vessels in order to grow

grading of tumors

- describes how the tumor looks under the microscope

- predicts clinical behavior and guides treatment

staging of tumors

- looks at the spread of tumor

- predicts clinical behavior and guides treatment

tumor markers

substances produced by cancer cells - help with cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

Common metastatic sites

*Lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone, and Brain

7 warnings signs of cancer (CAUTION)

C hange in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that doesn't heal

U nusual bleeding or discharge

T hickening or lump in breast or body

I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing

O bvious change in wart or mole

N agging couch or hoarseness

Cachexia/wasting disease

Overall weight loss and generalized weakness

Effects people with cancer using chemotherapy

Loss of appetite

Increased metabolic rate

Nausea/vomiting

Bone Marrow Suppression

Contributes to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Due to invasion and destruction of bone marrow cells (cancer), poor nutrition, and chemotherapy

anemia

deficiency in circulating red blood cells

Leukopenia

Deficiency in circulating white blood cells

Thrombocytopenia

Deficiency in circulating platelets

pathogen

disease causing microorganism

infection

- Can be subclinical (no symptoms) or clinical (symptomatic)

- May remain localized or systemic (sepsis)

- Requires presence of pathogen and host response

Not all infections are infectious disease

infectious disease

- Symptomatic and clinically apparent infection

- All infectious disease are infections

Communicable disease - spreads from person to person

Ex. Tuberculosis, flu, covid-19, STIs

direct transmission

exchange of bodily fluids

- droplets, cross placenta, animal bite

indirect transmission

vehicle borne (contaminated food, water, plasma, linnens)

vector borne (insects)

airborne (measles, TB)

Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)

Occur in health care factifies, Direct result of contact with healthcare personal

CAUTI

catheter associated urinary tract infections

SSI

Surgical site infections

CLABSI

central line associated blood stream infection

bacteria

single celled, not nucleus

- treat with antibiotic

vrius

Intracellular pathogens that use the hosts energy sources and enzymes to replicate via DNA and RNA

- treat with antivirals (antibiotics dont work on viruses)

fungi

Eukaryotic microorganisms with the ability to form complex structures with thick cell walls

- treat with antifungal

parasite

benefit from other organism

immune system

- Defends body against invasion or infection by antigens

- Seach for and destroys abnormal or damaged cells

autoimmunity

Immune system attacks its own tissues

Failure of self-tolerance

Hypersensitivity

Normal immune response that is either

- Inappropriately triggered

- Excessive

- Produces undesirable effects on the body

Type I Hypersensitivity

- immediate reaction

- IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, causing release of histamine and inflammatory mediators 1

- normal allergy response

Antihistamines

block effects of histamine

Beta-adrenergic

decrease bronchoconstriction and bronchospasm

Corticosteroids

decrease inflammatory response

Anticholinergics

block parasympathetic system

Anti-IgE therapy

inhibits binding of IgE to mast cells

Epinephrine

adrenergic agent given IM, subQ, or IV during acute allergic reactions

Type II Hypersensitivity

- tissue specific, cytotoxic, cytolytic

- immediate rx can sometimes occur over time

- Antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues causing lysis -> lysis mediated by membrane attack complex

Transduction reaction

Individual receives blood from someone with a different blood type (type 11 hypersensitivity)

Type III Hypersensitivity

- immune complex reaction

- Immune and phagocytic systems fail to effectively remove antigen-antibody immune complexes

- rx takes several hours / is ongoing

- Activation of the classic complement cascade causes release of C3a, C5a

Type IV Hypersensitivity

- delayed rx

- no primary antibody involvement

- t cell mediated

Type I simple

- immediate rx (15-30min)

- IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, causing release of histamine and inflammatory mediators

Type II simple

- usually immediate but can take some time

- IgG and IgM antibodies attack antigens on specific cell surfaces, leading to cell death or dysfunction