Psych Chapter 6 quiz

Explicit Memory

Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information.

Episodic memory

memory of events that happen to a person or that take place I the person’s presence

Semantic memory

general knowledge

Implicit memory

memory that is implied but not plainly expressed

Priming

the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access memory.

Retrospective memory

memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories

Prospective memory

memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

Encoding, storage, retrieval

stages of memory

Encode

Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory

storage

the maintenance of information over time

maintenance rehearsal

mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

elaborative rehearsal

the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known

retrieval

the location of stored information and its return to consciousness

memory

the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

sensory memory

the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous

memory trace

an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

icon

a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory

iconic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli

eidetic imagery

the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

echo

a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory

echoic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

short-term memory / working memory

the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays

serial-position effect

the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series

chunk

a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information

displace

in memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information

long term memory

the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

repression

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness

schemas

a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon / the feeling-of-knowing experience

the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be really retrieved

context-dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

state-dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

nonsense syllables

meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory

paired associates

nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall

method of savings

a measure of retention, in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed

savings

the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to learn the list after. certain amount of time has elapsed

interference theory

the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it

retroactive interference

the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

proactive interference

the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma

infantile amnesia / childhood amnesia

inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so

hippocampus

a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories

anterograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

retrograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

engram

an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace

long term potentiation

enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation