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what is globalisation?
the increasing connections between places and people across the planet, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges, and helped by technology and transport. There is social, cultural, economic and political globalisation.
what has caused globalisation?
TWIT - TNCs, Workers, Innovation, Transport
impacts of globalisation on HICs
Increased GDP but wage polarisation (more money for higher skilled worker but wage stagnation for low skilled workers and possible outsourcing). Greater cultural diversity but high resource consumption
impacts of globalisation on LICs
economic growth, but dependence on HICs, improved living standards, but they may lose culture, and negative effect on environment and climate change - tourism and factories built
what are the job sector
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
what is the primary sector
It includes workers who work through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry- extraction of raw materials
what is the secondary sector
the workers that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods, like factory workers
what is the tertiary sector
jobs that provide a service e.g. waiter, nurse, doctor, lawyer
what is quaternary sector
knowledge sector (research and development )
highly-skilled, information-based jobs concerned with research, development, and the spread of information
historian, engineer, scientist, researcher
Where is the headquarters of a typical TNC located?
HQ in home country - often in westernized countries like America
Where are the natural resources typically mined by TNCs?
Mining of resources in poorer countries rich in natural resources
In which sector are the R&D activities of TNCs usually located?
R&D in home country again - typically in the quaternary sector
Where are products manufactured by TNCs usually produced?
Manufactured in places like China
Where are the products of TNCs primarily sold?
Sold in HICs and MICs, with some LICs lacking stores due to insufficient affluent population
Apple TNC case study: Market Expansion
Expanding into new markets to appeal to wealthy consumers and increase consumer base.
Apple TNC case study: Cheap Labor
Moving production to China for cheaper labor costs compared to the USA, leading to higher profits.
Apple TNC case study: Outsourcing to Foxconn
Using components and raw materials from other countries through outsourcing to Foxconn to reduce production costs and drive up profits.
structure of the earth
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
what are the two different types of crust
continental and oceanic crust, oceanic is denser, continental is lighter. oceanic gets subducted
what is a convection current in geography
convection currents move tectonic plates and cause volcanos, as hotter magma rises toward the crust and cooler magma starts to sink in a continuous circular current
what is the epicentre of an earthquake
the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
what is the focus/hypocentre
The point in the earth where the earthquake starts underground
what are seismic waves
waves produced by earthquakes through the release of energy, felt as vibrations
how can we measure and monitor volcanos and earthquakes
seisometers detect earthquakes and volcanos caused by magma movement
which plate boundaries causes volcanos
convergent, divergent and hotspots
which plate boundaries cause earthquakes
convergent, divergent and transform
how do volcanos form in convergent boundaries
descending plate melts due to the intense heat and pressure, magma forms and rises to the surface causing a volcano
how do volcanos form in divergent plate boundaries
Volcanoes form at divergent boundaries when magma rises to the surface through fractures in the Earth's crust as tectonic plates move apar
how do volcanos form at hotspots
Volcanoes form at hotspots when plumes of hot mantle material rise from deep within the Earth, creating magma chambers beneath the crust that eventually erupt at the surface
how do earthquakes form at divergent plate boundaries
the tectonic plates are pulling apart, creating fractures in the Earth's crust that release energy in the form of seismic waves.
How do earthquakes form at convergent plate boundaries
these earthquakes occur when the tectonic plates collide with causing intense pressure and friction that result in the release of seismic energy
how do earthquakes form at transform boundaries
earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, causing friction and stress along the boundary that eventually releases as seismic energy
Shield Volcanoes
Low, broad, and gently sloping. Made of low-viscosity lava flows, mainly basaltic. Non-explosive with lava flowing freely.
Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes)
Steep-sided with a conical shape. Alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and volcanic rocks. Explosive eruptions with viscous lava and pyroclastic flows.
Factors Affecting Earthquake Damage
Magnitude Depth Distance from the epicenter Building construction quality
Factors Affecting Volcano Damage
Type of eruption Proximity to the vent Population density
Differences in LIC Hazards
Lack of infrastructure Limited resources for disaster preparedness and response
Differences in HIC Hazards
Better infrastructure More resources for disaster management Advanced warning systems
Managing Tectonic Hazards
Earthquake Proofing e.g. cross bracing and flexible foundations, Reinforced structures Monitoring Seismometers GPS Satellite imagery Drills Evacuation plans Emergency response exercises
Case Study: Montserrat Volcano
Soufrière Hills Volcano Causes: Triggered by subduction of North American Plate beneath Caribbean Plate Impacts: Pyroclastic flows, lahars, evacuation of capital city, economic disruption
Definition of Urbanization
Process of population concentration into urban areas
Causes of Urban Growth
Rural-to-urban migration Natural increase Industrialization - more money and jobs in cities
what is a megacity
more than 10 million people in a city
Impacts of Urbanization on Rural Areas
Loss of agricultural land Out-migration of population Changes in traditional lifestyles
Urban Migration push factors
Poverty, lack of job opportunities
Pull factors
Better employment prospects, improved living standards in cities
Definition of Tourism
a stay away from home for over 24 hours for a recreational activity
definition of tourists
a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure.
Reasons for Growth in Tourism
Increased leisure time Improved transportation, internet for own research, more disposable income, people live longer so retired people go on holiday to enjoy post-retirement life
Physical Tourist Attractions in Bali
Beaches, ocean, weather, Volcanic landscapes (Mount Agung) Coral reefs
Human Tourist Attractions in Bali
Temples (Tanah Lot, Uluwatu) Traditional dance performances (Kecak dance) Local markets (Ubud Market)
Negative Effects of Tourism
Environmental degradation Cultural erosion Economic dependence
Positive Effects of Tourism
Economic development Job creation Cultural exchange Preservation of historical sites
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