geography end of year flashcards

better than yuns flashcards

what is globalisation?

the increasing connections between places and people across the planet, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges, and helped by technology and transport. There is social, cultural, economic and political globalisation.

what has caused globalisation?

TWIT - TNCs, Workers, Innovation, Transport

impacts of globalisation on HICs

Increased GDP but wage polarisation (more money for higher skilled worker but wage stagnation for low skilled workers and possible outsourcing). Greater cultural diversity but high resource consumption

impacts of globalisation on LICs

economic growth, but dependence on HICs, improved living standards, but they may lose culture, and negative effect on environment and climate change - tourism and factories built

what are the job sector

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

what is the primary sector

It includes workers who work through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry- extraction of raw materials

what is the secondary sector

the workers that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods, like factory workers

what is the tertiary sector

jobs that provide a service e.g. waiter, nurse, doctor, lawyer

what is quaternary sector

knowledge sector (research and development )

highly-skilled, information-based jobs concerned with research, development, and the spread of information

historian, engineer, scientist, researcher

Where is the headquarters of a typical TNC located?

HQ in home country - often in westernized countries like America

Where are the natural resources typically mined by TNCs?

Mining of resources in poorer countries rich in natural resources

In which sector are the R&D activities of TNCs usually located?

R&D in home country again - typically in the quaternary sector

Where are products manufactured by TNCs usually produced?

Manufactured in places like China

Where are the products of TNCs primarily sold?

Sold in HICs and MICs, with some LICs lacking stores due to insufficient affluent population

Apple TNC case study: Market Expansion

Expanding into new markets to appeal to wealthy consumers and increase consumer base.

Apple TNC case study: Cheap Labor

Moving production to China for cheaper labor costs compared to the USA, leading to higher profits.

Apple TNC case study: Outsourcing to Foxconn

Using components and raw materials from other countries through outsourcing to Foxconn to reduce production costs and drive up profits.

structure of the earth

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

what are the two different types of crust

continental and oceanic crust, oceanic is denser, continental is lighter. oceanic gets subducted

what is a convection current in geography

convection currents move tectonic plates and cause volcanos, as hotter magma rises toward the crust and cooler magma starts to sink in a continuous circular current

what is the epicentre of an earthquake

the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus

what is the focus/hypocentre

The point in the earth where the earthquake starts underground

what are seismic waves

waves produced by earthquakes through the release of energy, felt as vibrations

how can we measure and monitor volcanos and earthquakes

seisometers detect earthquakes and volcanos caused by magma movement

which plate boundaries causes volcanos

convergent, divergent and hotspots

which plate boundaries cause earthquakes

convergent, divergent and transform

how do volcanos form in convergent boundaries

descending plate melts due to the intense heat and pressure, magma forms and rises to the surface causing a volcano

how do volcanos form in divergent plate boundaries

Volcanoes form at divergent boundaries when magma rises to the surface through fractures in the Earth's crust as tectonic plates move apar

how do volcanos form at hotspots

Volcanoes form at hotspots when plumes of hot mantle material rise from deep within the Earth, creating magma chambers beneath the crust that eventually erupt at the surface

how do earthquakes form at divergent plate boundaries

the tectonic plates are pulling apart, creating fractures in the Earth's crust that release energy in the form of seismic waves.

How do earthquakes form at convergent plate boundaries

these earthquakes occur when the tectonic plates collide with causing intense pressure and friction that result in the release of seismic energy

how do earthquakes form at transform boundaries

earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, causing friction and stress along the boundary that eventually releases as seismic energy

Shield Volcanoes

Low, broad, and gently sloping. Made of low-viscosity lava flows, mainly basaltic. Non-explosive with lava flowing freely.

Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes)

Steep-sided with a conical shape. Alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and volcanic rocks. Explosive eruptions with viscous lava and pyroclastic flows.

Factors Affecting Earthquake Damage

Magnitude Depth Distance from the epicenter Building construction quality

Factors Affecting Volcano Damage

Type of eruption Proximity to the vent Population density

Differences in LIC Hazards

Lack of infrastructure Limited resources for disaster preparedness and response

Differences in HIC Hazards

Better infrastructure More resources for disaster management Advanced warning systems

Managing Tectonic Hazards

Earthquake Proofing e.g. cross bracing and flexible foundations, Reinforced structures Monitoring Seismometers GPS Satellite imagery Drills Evacuation plans Emergency response exercises

Case Study: Montserrat Volcano

Soufrière Hills Volcano Causes: Triggered by subduction of North American Plate beneath Caribbean Plate Impacts: Pyroclastic flows, lahars, evacuation of capital city, economic disruption

Definition of Urbanization

Process of population concentration into urban areas

Causes of Urban Growth

Rural-to-urban migration Natural increase Industrialization - more money and jobs in cities

what is a megacity

more than 10 million people in a city

Impacts of Urbanization on Rural Areas

Loss of agricultural land Out-migration of population Changes in traditional lifestyles

Urban Migration push factors

Poverty, lack of job opportunities

Pull factors

Better employment prospects, improved living standards in cities

Definition of Tourism

a stay away from home for over 24 hours for a recreational activity

definition of tourists

a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure.

Reasons for Growth in Tourism

Increased leisure time Improved transportation, internet for own research, more disposable income, people live longer so retired people go on holiday to enjoy post-retirement life

Physical Tourist Attractions in Bali

Beaches, ocean, weather, Volcanic landscapes (Mount Agung) Coral reefs

Human Tourist Attractions in Bali

Temples (Tanah Lot, Uluwatu) Traditional dance performances (Kecak dance) Local markets (Ubud Market)

Negative Effects of Tourism

Environmental degradation Cultural erosion Economic dependence

Positive Effects of Tourism

Economic development Job creation Cultural exchange Preservation of historical sites