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Which of the following refers to the minimal amount of air always present in the lungs?
Residual Volume
Which of the following refers to the volume of air moving in the lungs during normal breathing?
Tidal volume
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inhalation
Vital Capacity
Which of the following are responsible for the alignment of the chromosomes along the metaphase plate (equatorial plate) during mitosis?
Centrosomes
monosaccharide
a single sugar molecule (glucose and fructose)
Lipids
hydrophobic molecules that function in insulation, energy storage, make up structural components, and participate in endocrine signaling
Triglycerides
Describe structures consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Can be saturated or unsaturated. Are lipids
Saturated tryglycerides
contain no double bonds and have straight chains; are bad for health
Unsaturated triglycerides
contain double bonds that cause kinks in chains; are better for health
Phospholipids
Are lipids composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
Amphipathic
Describes a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
Steroids
A lipid; comprised of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring; include hormones and cholesterol; 4 ringed structures
Heterocyclic compound
cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its rings.
Adipocytes
A lipid; specialized fat cells in two categories: white and brown fat cells
White fat cells (category of adipocytes)
Composed mainly of triglycerides with a thin layer of cytoplasm around it
Brown fat cells (category of adipocytes)
have considerable cytoplasm, lipid droplets scattered throughout, and lots of mitochondria
Glycolipids
similar to phospholipids but have a carbohydrate group instead of a phosphate group
Lipoproteins
Lipids are insoluble so they are transported in the blood via these, which are lipid cores surrounded by phospholipids and apolipoproteins
In cold weather
Cell membranes become more rigid. In order to avoid cell membrane rigidity, cholesterol and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into the membrane (in fatty acids)
In warm weather
cell membranes become more fluid ad flexible. In order to avoid cell membrane collapse, cholesterol is added to restrict movement. (in fatty acids)
Glycosidic bonds are considered which type of bond?
Covalent
Storage proteins
casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites, and zein in corn seeds
transport proteins
hemoglobin carries oxygen, cytochromes carry electrons
Enzymes
catalyze reactions in both forward and reverse directions; almost always considered proteins
Cofactors
non-protein molecules that assist enzymes; the union of this and enzyme is a holoenzyme
Simple Protein classification
Formed entirely of amino acids (ex Albumins & Globulins, Scleroprotein)
Conjugated Protein classification
Simple protein + non-protein (ex. lipoprotein, mucoprotein, chromoprotein, metalloprotein)
Primary Protein structure
Sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Secondary Protein structure
3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids (alpha helix or beta sheet)
Tertiary Protein Structure
3D structure that forms primarily due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R groups (non-covalent bonds including H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effect)
Disulfide bonds
Strong type of covalent bond between cysteines
Cysteine
a sulfur containing amino acid
Quaternary Protein structure
3D shape of a protein that is a grouping of two or more separate peptide chains
Protein Structures
3 main protein categories
Globular proteins, Fibrous/structural proteins, Membrane proteins
Globular proteins
somewhat water soluble, mostly dominated by tertiary structure, have a diverse range of functions
Fibrous/structural proteins
not water soluble, mostly dominated by secondary structure, are made of long polymers, function to maintain and add strength to cellular and matrix structure
Membrane proteins
Includes proteins that function as membrane pumps, channels, or receptors
Protein Denaturation
the protein is reversed back to its primary structure; usually irreversible
Protein digestion
Eliminates all protein structure, including primary structure
Nucleotides
Monomers that make up nucleic acids. Consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Nucleosides
sugar+nitrogenous base
Purines (nitrogenous bases)
consist of 2 rings; include adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines (nitrogenous bases)
consists of 1 ring, and include cytosine, uracil, and thymine
Cell theory
states that
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms
All cells come from preexisting, living cells
Cells carry hereditary information
RNA World Hypothesis
proposes that self-replicating RNA molecules were precursors to current life. Also states that RNA stores genetic information like DNA and catalyzes chemical reactions
Central Dogma of Genetics
states that biological information cannot be transferred backwards from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. Information must travel DNA → RNA→proteins
Stereomicroscope
Uses visible light to view the surface of a sample
Compound microscope
Uses visible light to view a thin section of a sample
Phase Contrast Microscope
Uses light phases and contrast for a detailed observation of living organisms, including internal structures if thin
Anabolic
Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required
Catabolic
Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released
enzymes are…
Globular proteins that act as catalysts
Krebs Cycle
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
aerobic process
A step in cellular respiration
Pyruvate decarboxylation
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
A step in cellular respiration
Membrane proteins
Channel Proteins
Recognition Proteins
Ion channels
Porins
Carrier proteins
Transport proteins
Adhesion proteins
Receptor proteins
Channel proteins
provide a passageway through the membrane for hydrophilic, polar, and charged substances
Recognition proteins
type of glycoprotein that is used to distinguish between self and foreign
Ion channels
used to pass ions across the membrane and referred to as gated channels in nerve and muscle cells
Porins
allow the passage of certain ions and small polar molecules
Which membrane protein increases the rate of water passing in kidney and plant root cells?
Porins
Which membrane protein is specific to movement across the membrane via integral membrane protein?
Carrier Proteins
Active transport requires…
ATP
facilitated diffusion does not…
require ATP
Receptor proteins
serve as binding sites for hormones and other trigger molecules
Glycocalyx
a carbohydrate coat that covers the outer face of the cell wall of some bacteria and the outer face of the plasma membrane in some animal cells
The nucleoid is found only in…
prokaryote cells
Peroxisomes
Organelles common in the liver and kidney that function to breakdown substances
phospholipid membrane is made of…
phosphate head and two fatty acids
The phospholipid membrane is…
amphipathic
Amphipathic
having both a polar and non-polar portion
The phosphate head in phospholipid membranes is ____ while the fatty acid tails are____
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
What most easily diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophobic molecules
Cholesterol is used for what in the animal cell membrane?
Structural support
What is used for structural support in prokaryote cell membranes?
Hopanoids
What is used for structural support in the cell membrane of plant cells?
Sterols
What is the purpose of MHC I molecules?
to distinguish self from foreign cells
How do Rhizopoda move in their environment?
Pseudopodia
Organisms that can be classified as slime or water molds fall under which kingdom?
Protista
similarity between fungus-like protists and fungus?
Both reproduce by forming spores
Saprobes
Obtain energy from dead, decaying matter
When slime molds experience food deprivation what is excreted?
cAMP
When cellular slime molds are in harsh conditions, what do individuals do?
aggregate to form a moving slug
The 3 main modes of transportation across a cell membrane
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
The order of stages in interphase
G1→ G0 → S → G2
Vegetative Propagation
A form of asexual reproduction in plants that produces genetically identical offspring
Fern
Vascular, seedless plant. Phylum pterophyta
Dicot angiosperms have
two cotyledon, broad leaf, network of veins, vascular bundles in a ring, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, taproots
monocot angiosperms have
single cotyledon, long narrow leaf, parallel veins, vascular bundles scattered, flowers in multiples of 3, fibrous root system
What plant tissue type makes up majority of the plants mass?
Ground tissue
What is the most prominent ground tissue in plants?
Parenchyma
The left lung is ____ and consists of..
smaller, 2 lobes
The right lung is ____ and consists of …
larger, 3 lobes
Pleurae
membranous cover surrounding lungs; has two layers
Two layers of the pleurae
Visceral and parietal
The space in between the visceral and parietal is called
the intrapleural space
Visceral pleura
Lines the surface of the lungs
Parietal pleura
lines the inside of the chest cavity
Circulatory system
Responsible for circulating and transporting nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and red blood cells throughout the body
Protozoans
Unicellular animal-like protists
Note
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