Muscular system

a-

without

troph

nourishment

-y

process of

a/troph/y

muscle without nourishment; muscles shrink

bi-

two

-ceps

head

bi/ceps

two-headed muscle

fibro

fiber

my

muscle

-algia

pain

fibro/my/algia

pain in the muscle fiber

gastrocnemi

calf or belly of the leg

-us

pertaining to

gastrocnemi/us

pertaining to the calf of the leg

hyper-

excessive

hyper/troph/y

pertaining to excessive nourishment; causes enlargement

intra-

into

muscul

muscle

-ar

pertaining to

intra/muscul/ar

pertaining to inside the muscle

my/algia

muscle pain

my

muscle

-asthenia

weakness

gravis

heavy, grave

my/asthenia gravis

grave muscle weakness; autoimmune disease

neuro

nerve

neuro/muscul/ar

pertaining to the nerve and muscle

physio

nature

physio/therapy

treatment with natural means

sarco

flesh

lemma

husk or covering

sarco/lemma

covering around muscle flesh; cell membrane

plasm

tumor

sarco/plasm

tumor of the flesh; cytoplasm

Skeletal muscles are ____________________________.

attached to bones, striated (striped), and voluntary

Fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Smooth muscles are _______________________.

spindle shaped, not attached to bones, are non-striated, and are involuntary; controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Visceral muscles are _________________.

smooth muscles

Cardiac muscle is ____________________.

Involuntary, striated and branched muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Sphincter muscles are _________________________________.

Special circular muscles that control an opening, found in the walls of the anus, urethra, mouth, and intestines.

contractility

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

excitability

ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials (impulses)

Extensibility

ability to be stretched

Elasticity

Ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched.

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

ligaments

Connect bone to bone

the origin of a muscle

the part of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves the least during muscle contraction

the insertion of a muscle

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

Origin: sternum and clavicle.

Insertion: mastoid process

Location: side of neck

Belly of the muscle

The middle part of the muscle

Muscles are arranged in ___________.

Pairs

Prime mover

A muscle that produces movement in a single direction.

Antagonist

Allows movement in opposite direction from muscle

synergists (agonists)

muscles that contract and assist the prime mover by keeping the movement steady or stabilizing the joint activity

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Muscle twitch

a single momentary muscle contraction, and is the response to a single stimulus.

motor unit

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates

neuromuscular junction

the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

The basic source of energy is ________________.

Glucose

The energy derived from glucose is store in the form of ________________________.

ATP and phosphocreatine

Muscle fatigue

the inability of a muscle to contract, caused by an accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles

muscle tone

the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

isotonic contraction

when muscles contract and shorten; ex: talking, walking.

isometric contraction

when a muscle tenses but does not shorten

ex: tensing abdominal muscles during exercise

There are _____ skeletal muscles in the human body.

656

There are 327 antagonist muscles and ____ unpaired muscles

2

The unpaired muscles are:

the orbicularis oris (mouth) and the diaphragm

Trapezius

Back of neck and upper back

Latissimus dorsi

Lower back

External oblique

anterior and lateral abdomen

Deltoid

shoulder

Biceps brachii

Anterior aspect of arm

Triceps brachii

posterior aspect of arm

Brachioradialis

Anterior and proximal forearm

Gluteus maximus

Buttock

Tensor fasciae latae

lateral and proximal thigh

Sartorius

Anterior thigh

Quadriceps femoris group

Anterior thigh

Consists of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)

Hamstring group

Posterior thigh

Consists of bicep femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

Gracilis

Medial thigh

Tibialias anterior

Anterior leg

Gastrocnemius

Posterior leg (calf)

Soleus

Posterior (deep) leg

Peroneus Longus

Lateral leg

muscles of mastication (chewing)

masseter and temporalis

Medications that are administered intramuscularly, go:

into the muscle

Muscle strain

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle

Muscle spasm

involuntary muscle contraction; cramp

Dystonia

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the involuntary muscle contractions seen as repetitive movements or abnormal postures

Torticollis

"wryneck"; head turns to one side or is pulled backwards or forwards

Blepharospasm

involuntary twitching of the eyelid

Craniofacial dystonia

Affects the muscles of the head, face, and neck; the jaws, lips, and tongue may also be affected

Hernia

Protrusion of an organ through a weak muscle

Tetanus

"Lockjaw": infectious disease characterized by continuous spasms of voluntary muscles

Muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

Ex: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Heel spur

calcium deposit in the plantar fascia

Plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

Inflammation of the extensor muscles of the forearm, caused by overuse or trauma

Shin splints

acute pain in the shin (tibia) caused by prolonged running, typically on hard surfaces.

Rotator cuff injury

inflammation of the rotator cuff in the shoulder caused by overuse