Cardiac - PM

What are the common risk factors for congenital heart disease (CHD) during pregnancy?

Fetal exposure to drugs/ETOH, maternal viral infections (e.g., Rubella), genetics, and maternal metabolic disorders.

What is the purpose of cardiac diagnostics in children with suspected heart disease?

To assess heart function and detect any anomalies using tests such as ECG, echocardiograms, and cardiac enzymes.

What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure in children?

Symptoms include fatigue, activity intolerance, poor weight gain (FTT), tachycardia, and diaphoresis.

What are the characteristics of CHD Group 2 - 'Blocked'?

Decreased outflow to systemic circulation leading to conditions such as pulmonary stenosis and aortic stenosis.

What does cyanosis indicate in a child with congenital heart defects?

Cyanosis indicates that unoxygenated blood is being circulated to the body, often due to R-L shunting.

What treatment is often indicated for managing hypercyanotic episodes in children with heart defects?

Administering oxygen, hydration, and positioning the child in a knee-chest position.

What is the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease?

Vascular dysfunction leading to extensive inflammation of the smaller vasculature, resulting in symptoms such as fever and conjunctivitis.

What is the focus of therapy for rheumatic fever?

To eradicate streptococcal infection and prevent damage from rheumatic heart disease.

What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?

A condition where pulmonary veins are not correctly connected to the left atrium, leading to improper oxygenation.

What are the main goals when managing congenital heart disease in pediatric patients?

To detect signs of worsening heart condition, provide psychosocial support, and ensure adequate tissue oxygenation.

What are the typical clinical manifestations of tricuspid atresia?

Underdevelopment or absence of the tricuspid valve leading to poor blood flow to the lungs and body.

What is a common non-surgical treatment for managing symptoms of congenital heart disease?

Medications such as diuretics to manage fluid overload and promote adequate cardiac function.

How does cardiac catheterization assist in diagnosing congenital heart disease?

It allows for direct measurement of pressures, blood flow patterns, and visualization of heart structures.

What is the significance of observing peripheral perfusion in children with heart defects?

It helps monitor blood flow and oxygen delivery to extremities, indicating overall cardiac function.

What can severe acidosis indicate in a patient with congenital heart disease?

It can suggest inadequate tissue oxygenation and necessitate urgent intervention.

What preventive strategies may be recommended for children at risk of rheumatic fever?

Prophylactic antibiotics before dental or surgical procedures to prevent streptococcal infection.

What is the recommended management for children experiencing Tet spells?

Positioning the child to reduce the flow of blood that bypasses the lungs, typically through knee-chest positioning.

Describe the potential complications of severe congenital heart defects if untreated.

Complications may include congestive heart failure, endocarditis, and poor growth.