Carbohydrates and Lipids Practice Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards testing key concepts of carbohydrates and lipids from the lecture notes.

Carbohydrates are organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and __________ that serve as the body's primary source of energy.

oxygen

The __________ is the only carbohydrate-dependent organ in the body, using glucose exclusively to function.

brain

Carbon compounds are commonly referred to as the __________ of life.

building blocks

A single carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to __________ different atoms.

four

__________ are small, single molecules that act as building blocks to form larger chains called polymers.

Monomers

Large molecules created by joining repeating monomer units together through chemical bonding are called __________.

polymers

For macromolecules to form, specific monomers must join together by a type of chemical reaction called a __________ reaction.

condensation

The covalent bond that links glucose molecules together during condensation polymerisation is called a __________ glycosidic bond.

$$1,4$$

Polymers are broken into monomers using a water molecule through a process called __________.

hydrolysis

A single sugar unit that cannot be broken down into smaller molecules by hydrolysis is called a __________.

monosaccharide

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms are called __________.

isomers

Glucose dissolves easily in water and blood plasma because it is a __________ molecule.

polar

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons from an atom or molecule is defined as __________.

oxidation

__________ is the major component of starch in plants, making up about $80\text{–}85\%$ of the starch molecules.

Amylopectin

In animals, the primary storage form of glucose is __________.

glycogen

Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide composed of __________-glucose molecules.

beta

Chains of cellulose are cross-linked together by __________ bonds to create a strong, stable structure in cell walls.

hydrogen

Proteins that have one or more carbohydrates attached to them are called __________.

glycoproteins

The ABO blood group system is based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on red blood cells called A and B __________.

antigens

Lipids are non-polar molecules characterized by low solubility in water, making them __________.

hydrophobic

The covalent bond formed between glycerol and a fatty acid in a triglyceride is called an __________ bond.

ester

Fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain are called __________ fatty acids.

saturated

Fatty acids containing only one double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are classified as __________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

Double bonds disrupt regular packing in fatty acids, giving unsaturated fats a __________ melting point compared to saturated fats.

lower

__________ unsaturated fatty acids occur naturally in foods, while trans fats are produced industrially.

Cis

In humans, excess lipids are stored inside adipocytes within __________ tissue.

adipose

A molecule that possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties is described as __________.

amphipathic

The negatively charged phosphate head of a phospholipid is __________, meaning it readily interacts with water.

hydrophilic

Steroids are able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes because they are __________ molecules.

hydrophobic