IB History of the Americas Unit 3E: Eisenhower’s New Look Foreign Policy Vocabulary

Mandate

Legitimate authority given for action. Mariel boatlift In 1980, Castro allowed thousands of discontented Cubans to depart for the USA from the port of Mariel

New Look

Eisenhower's defence policy emphasized the use of nuclear weaponry rather than conventional forces. 9/11 On 11 September 2001, a terrorist attack on the USA led to almost 3000 deaths

Military-Industrial Complex

Belief that the vested interests of the military and industry encouraged them to escalate tensions and the production of weaponry. Militia Reserve citizens' army.

'More bang for a buck'

Eisenhower's belief that greater dependence on nuclear weaponry would save the USA money and protect it as effectively as conventional forces

Brinkmanship

Creating the impression that one is willing to push events to the point of war rather than concede.

Rollback

Pushing back Communism in places where it was already established.

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command.

Covert operations

Secret warfare, for example sabotage

Oligarchies

Unrepresentative élites

Strongmen

Dictators - often Latin American

Expropriated

Took possession without compensation

Council on Foreign Relations

American non-profit, non-partisan think-tank specializing in US foreign policy information and publications.

Protectionist

Economic policies designed to protect the domestic economy, for example, through the imposition of tariffs on imports from other countries

Military junta

Government by a group of army officers

Gunboat Diplomacy

Foreign policy aims pursued through military force rather than negotiation

OPA

Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek's proposed Operation Pan America was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that never really came to anything.

Supreme Soviet

Set up in 1936 by Stalin. It consisted of two bodies: the Soviet of the USSR and the Soviet of Nationalities. Each Soviet republic had a Supreme Soviet or parliament, as did the overall USSR.

Détente

A state of lessened tension or growing relaxation between two states.

Berlin's Open Frontier

There was no physical barrier between communist East Berlin and capitalist and democratic West Berlin.

Third World

Developing states, many of which had been colonies or under the control of predominately European states.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM

Organization of states committed to not joining either the Western or Soviet blocs during the Cold War, founded in Belgrade in 1961 and based on the principles agreed at the post-war western Europe, also known as Marshall Aid. Bandung Conference.

De-Stalinization

The attempts to liberalize the USSR after the death of Stalin in 1953.

Nuclear Diplomacy

The attempts to liberalize the USSR after the death of Stalin in 1953 Negotiations and diplomacy supported by the threat of nuclear weapons.

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

Missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads and reaching great distances