comm 1041 final exam

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chapters 7-12

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224 Terms

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adaptability
(chaotic to rigid) a family’s ability to modify and respond to changes in the family’s power structure and roles
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agape
spiritual, altruistic, sacrificial (parent-child)
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young adult friendships
around college age

* Dependent on life changes such as college, jobs, romantic relationships, moving, or starting a family
* Value reciprocation of caring, trust, commitment, self-disclosure, helpfulness, and support
* Help us build skills for successful romantic relationships and give us people to confide in for advice or manage stress of transitions
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intimate partner violence (IPV)
partner 1 is violent/controlling and partner 2 is violent and non controlling or nonviolent (11%)

* Perpetrated almost exclusively by men
* Most frequent use of violence
* Most likely to escalate to injury
* Most likely to result in severe injury, PTSD/psychological stress, seeking medical/legal assistance
* Far less likely to incur violent response
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manipulation
messages that induce negative feelings in partner and give them responsibility for resolving the situation
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communication privacy management (CPM) theory
suggests that we each have individual rules or boundaries about how much private information we share and with whom we share that information
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casual turning point
event that brings about a change in a relationship
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competitive symmetrical relationship
when both people vie for power and control of decision making
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persuasive argumentation
logical appeal to convince your partner to forgo their own interests for yours
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nonverbal communication
behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning
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our faces convey __% of our meaning
55%
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vocal cues communication __% of our emotional meaning
38%
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principles of nonverbal communication
\-nonverbal messages are the primary way we communicate feelings and attitudes

\-they’re more believable than verbal messages

\-they work with verbal messages to create meaning

\-they help people respond and adapt to others

\-they play a major role in interpersonal relationships
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interaction adaptation theory
describes how people adapt to the communication behavior of others
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interactional synchrony
the process of mimicking or mirroring someone’s communication behavior
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turning point
specific event or interaction associated with a positive or negative shift in a relationship
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kinesics
the study of human movement and gesture
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quasi-courtship behaviors
different nonverbal messages you send when you’re interested in someone (suck in your stomach, apply makeup, open body position, etc)
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emblems
nonverbal cues that have specific, general understood meanings in a given culture and may actually substitute for a word or phrase
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illustrators
nonverbal behaviors that either contradict, accent, or complement a verbal message
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affect displays
nonverbal movements and postures used to communicate emotion
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regulators
nonverbal messages that control the interaction or flow of communication between two people
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adaptors
nonverbal behaviors that help you satisfy a personal need and adapt to the immediate situation
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eye contact functions
* *Cognitive function:* eye contact provides clues to thinking patterns
* *Monitoring function:* look at others to determine whether they like what you are saying
* *Regulatory function:* regulates who you are likely to communicate with
* *Expressive function:* provides information about the emotions you display
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six primary emotional categories
surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness
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backchannel cues
vocal cues that signal you wish to speak or stop speaking
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proxemics
study of how close or far away from people or objects people position themselves
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intimate space
personal or intimate interactions, 0-1.5 feet from someone
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personal space
conversations with family or friends, 1.5-4 feet from someone
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social space
group interactions, 4-12 feet from someone
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public space
interpersonal communication does not typically occur here, 12 feet and beyond from someone
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high-contact cultures
tend to be in warmer climates, people will stand closer to others and may initiate touch more
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low-contact cultures
tend to be in cooler climates, people prefer their own personal space and tend not to encroach on others’ space
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territoriality
the study of how animals (including humans) use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
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territorial markers
things that signify the area has been claimed
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tells
nonverbal cues that give away what we are thinking and feeling
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immediacy
feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues as increased eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation

* Close proximity, touching, frequent eye contact, inward lean, open body posture, smiling, high pitch
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arousal
feelings of interest and excitement communicated by nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, vocal expressions, and gestures

* Forward lean, head nods, concentrated stare w/ eyes and forehead, animated voice and gestures
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dominance
power, status, and control communicated by nonverbal cues

* Raised/lowered head and gaze, formal/informal posture, handshake style, use of space and artifacts
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nonverbal messages are…
* **Ambiguous:** what we pick up may not have any meaning or a meaning that is foreign to us
* **Continuous:** generally do not have starting or stopping points to aid our understanding
* **Multi Channeled:** have numerous sources
* **Culture-based:** each culture has unique rules for displaying and interpreting nonverbal behavior
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relational development & nonverbal communication
65% of social/relational meaning is communicated nonverbally
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facial expressions
movements of our brow, forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, lips/mouth
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microexpressions
last less than a half second
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vocal cues
voice pitch, rate, volume, intensity and quality; pronunciation and articulation
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haptics (touch)
expresses/increases intimacy (vital to our health)
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appearance
physical attributes (body shape, facial features, hair/eye/skin color) artifacts
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deception cues
concealment/falsehoods/exaggeration

* More pauses, faster speech, phony smile, more fidgeting, less eye contact, increased eye blinking, more “you” than “I,” negative and passive language
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expectancy violation theory
we interpret others’ messages based on how we expect them to behave
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emotional contagion theory
people “catch” the emotions of those around them
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interpersonal conflict
An interactional dynamic between two interdependent people who perceive incompatibilities, strive to achieve goals and reach solutions
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goals
desired end states that individuals try to attain by conflict management
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instrumental/task-oriented goals
obtaining and/or resolving disputes over resources like material goods, information, etc
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relational goals
negotiate relationship dynamics such as gaining power or building trust
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identity goals
image-focused, saving face; for self or partner
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conflict style
patterned responses to conflict across situations
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avoiding conflict style
* Refusal to engage/non-action
* Ignore and side-step any problems
* Usually a lose-lose situation
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obliging/accommodating conflict style
Sacrifice your own interests in favor of what your partner wants
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competing conflict style
* Pursue our own goals at the expense of our partners’
* Seeks to win while the other person loses
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compromising conflict style
* Negotiate mutual give-and-take concessions
* Lose-win, lose-win
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collaborating conflict style (ideal)
Seeks a solution that meets the needs of both partners without requiring them to give anything up
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contending
methods that seek to impose your solution on your partner
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ingratiation
making yourself more attractive to your partner so that they are more receptive to your perspective
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flattery
exaggerating their attributes/minimizing their weaknesses
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opinion conformity
expressing agreements with their opinions
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favors
giving them a reward with an eye towards reciprocity
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self-presentation
presenting your own qualities/ideas in a way that the other person will find attractive
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promises
expressed intentions to reward your partner if they comply with your requests
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shaming
causing partner to feel shameful due to private or public condemnation; can be indirect (look of disapproval) or direct (verbal or physical admonition)
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tit-for-tat
matching your partner’s behavior at every turn (cooperation and punishment)
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threats
expressed intentions to punish your partner if they do not comply with our requests/demands
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warning
prediction that your partner will suffer if they don’t comply
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deterrent
requests that they avoid doing something
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compellent
requests that they take a specific action
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coercive commitment
continued punishment which gives your partner control over both parties’ welfare
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violence
behavior that is intended to physically injure another person or an object they value
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problem-solving
any effort to identify a formula that will satisfy both sides’ goals and interests (compromise, integrative solution)
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expanding the pie
strategies which increase available resources
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nonspecific compensation
one partner gets what they want and the other is repaid with something unrelated to the issue
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logrolling
mutual exchange by parties of concessions on low priorities and acquisition of high priorities
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cost cutting
one side gets what it wants by reducing or eliminating the cost to the other
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bridging
devising a new option that satisfies both parties’ most important underlying interests
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relationship
a connection you establish when you communicate with another person
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interpersonal relationship
perception shared by two people of an ongoing interdependent connection that results in the development of relational expectations and varies in intimacy and affection
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interpersonal intimacy
the degree to which relational partners mutually confirm, value, and accept each other’s sense of self
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affectionate communication
verbal messages, nonverbal cues, and supportive activities that convey love, fondness, or positive regard
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relationships of circumstance
form simply because our lives overlap with others’ in some way (family, teachers, classmates, coworkers)
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relationships of choice
relationships that we seek out and intentionally develop (friends, romantic partners, spouses, counselors)
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complementary relationships
one partner usually dominates or makes most of the decisions
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symmetrical relationship
both partners behave toward power in the same way, either both wanting power or both avoiding it
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submissive symmetrical relationship
when neither partner wants to take control or make decisions
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parallel relationships
involves a shifting back and forth or a balance between the partners
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interpersonal attraction
the degree to which you want to 1) form or 2) maintain an interpersonal relationship
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short-term initial attraction
degree to which you sense a potential for developing an interpersonal relationship
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long-term maintenance attraction
the level of liking or positive feelings that motivate us to maintain or escalate a relationship
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proximity
physical nearness to another that promotes communication and thus attraction
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physical appearance
nonverbal cues that allow us to assess relationship potential
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competence
the quality of being skilled, intelligent, charismatic, and credible
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reciprocation of liking
liking those who like us
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similarity
we like people whose personalities, values, upbringings, personal experiences, attitudes, and interests are similar to ours
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complementary needs
needs that match; each partner contributes something to the relationship that the other partner needs