comm 1041 final exam

chapters 7-12

adaptability

(chaotic to rigid) a family’s ability to modify and respond to changes in the family’s power structure and roles

agape

spiritual, altruistic, sacrificial (parent-child)

young adult friendships

around college age

• Dependent on life changes such as college, jobs, romantic relationships, moving, or starting a family

• Value reciprocation of caring, trust, commitment, self-disclosure, helpfulness, and support

• Help us build skills for successful romantic relationships and give us people to confide in for advice or manage stress of transitions

intimate partner violence (IPV)

partner 1 is violent/controlling and partner 2 is violent and non controlling or nonviolent (11%)

• Perpetrated almost exclusively by men

• Most frequent use of violence

  • Most likely to escalate to injury

• Most likely to result in severe injury, PTSD/psychological stress, seeking medical/legal assistance

• Far less likely to incur violent response

manipulation

messages that induce negative feelings in partner and give them responsibility for resolving the situation

communication privacy management (CPM) theory

suggests that we each have individual rules or boundaries about how much private information we share and with whom we share that information

casual turning point

event that brings about a change in a relationship

competitive symmetrical relationship

when both people vie for power and control of decision making

persuasive argumentation

logical appeal to convince your partner to forgo their own interests for yours

nonverbal communication

behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning

our faces convey __% of our meaning

55%

vocal cues communication __% of our emotional meaning

38%

principles of nonverbal communication

\-nonverbal messages are the primary way we communicate feelings and attitudes

\-they’re more believable than verbal messages

\-they work with verbal messages to create meaning

\-they help people respond and adapt to others

\-they play a major role in interpersonal relationships

interaction adaptation theory

describes how people adapt to the communication behavior of others

interactional synchrony

the process of mimicking or mirroring someone’s communication behavior

turning point

specific event or interaction associated with a positive or negative shift in a relationship

kinesics

the study of human movement and gesture

quasi-courtship behaviors

different nonverbal messages you send when you’re interested in someone (suck in your stomach, apply makeup, open body position, etc)

emblems

nonverbal cues that have specific, general understood meanings in a given culture and may actually substitute for a word or phrase

illustrators

nonverbal behaviors that either contradict, accent, or complement a verbal message

affect displays

nonverbal movements and postures used to communicate emotion

regulators

nonverbal messages that control the interaction or flow of communication between two people

adaptors

nonverbal behaviors that help you satisfy a personal need and adapt to the immediate situation

eye contact functions

• Cognitive function: eye contact provides clues to thinking patterns

• Monitoring function: look at others to determine whether they like what you are saying

• Regulatory function: regulates who you are likely to communicate with

• Expressive function: provides information about the emotions you display

six primary emotional categories

surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness

backchannel cues

vocal cues that signal you wish to speak or stop speaking

proxemics

study of how close or far away from people or objects people position themselves

intimate space

personal or intimate interactions, 0-1.5 feet from someone

personal space

conversations with family or friends, 1.5-4 feet from someone

social space

group interactions, 4-12 feet from someone

public space

interpersonal communication does not typically occur here, 12 feet and beyond from someone

high-contact cultures

tend to be in warmer climates, people will stand closer to others and may initiate touch more

low-contact cultures

tend to be in cooler climates, people prefer their own personal space and tend not to encroach on others’ space

territoriality

the study of how animals (including humans) use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

territorial markers

things that signify the area has been claimed

tells

nonverbal cues that give away what we are thinking and feeling

immediacy

feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues as increased eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation

* Close proximity, touching, frequent eye contact, inward lean, open body posture, smiling, high pitch

arousal

feelings of interest and excitement communicated by nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, vocal expressions, and gestures

* Forward lean, head nods, concentrated stare w/ eyes and forehead, animated voice and gestures

dominance

power, status, and control communicated by nonverbal cues

* Raised/lowered head and gaze, formal/informal posture, handshake style, use of space and artifacts

nonverbal messages are…

• Ambiguous: what we pick up may not have any meaning or a meaning that is foreign to us

• Continuous: generally do not have starting or stopping points to aid our understanding

• Multi Channeled: have numerous sources

• Culture-based: each culture has unique rules for displaying and interpreting nonverbal behavior

relational development & nonverbal communication

65% of social/relational meaning is communicated nonverbally

facial expressions

movements of our brow, forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, lips/mouth

microexpressions

last less than a half second

vocal cues

voice pitch, rate, volume, intensity and quality; pronunciation and articulation

haptics (touch)

expresses/increases intimacy (vital to our health)

appearance

physical attributes (body shape, facial features, hair/eye/skin color) artifacts

deception cues

concealment/falsehoods/exaggeration

* More pauses, faster speech, phony smile, more fidgeting, less eye contact, increased eye blinking, more “you” than “I,” negative and passive language

expectancy violation theory

we interpret others’ messages based on how we expect them to behave

emotional contagion theory

people “catch” the emotions of those around them

interpersonal conflict

An interactional dynamic between two interdependent people who perceive incompatibilities, strive to achieve goals and reach solutions

goals

desired end states that individuals try to attain by conflict management

instrumental/task-oriented goals

obtaining and/or resolving disputes over resources like material goods, information, etc

relational goals

negotiate relationship dynamics such as gaining power or building trust

identity goals

image-focused, saving face; for self or partner

conflict style

patterned responses to conflict across situations

avoiding conflict style

• Refusal to engage/non-action

• Ignore and side-step any problems

• Usually a lose-lose situation

obliging/accommodating conflict style

Sacrifice your own interests in favor of what your partner wants

competing conflict style

• Pursue our own goals at the expense of our partners’

• Seeks to win while the other person loses

compromising conflict style

• Negotiate mutual give-and-take concessions

• Lose-win, lose-win

collaborating conflict style (ideal)

Seeks a solution that meets the needs of both partners without requiring them to give anything up

contending

methods that seek to impose your solution on your partner

ingratiation

making yourself more attractive to your partner so that they are more receptive to your perspective

flattery

exaggerating their attributes/minimizing their weaknesses

opinion conformity

expressing agreements with their opinions

favors

giving them a reward with an eye towards reciprocity

self-presentation

presenting your own qualities/ideas in a way that the other person will find attractive

promises

expressed intentions to reward your partner if they comply with your requests

shaming

causing partner to feel shameful due to private or public condemnation; can be indirect (look of disapproval) or direct (verbal or physical admonition)

tit-for-tat

matching your partner’s behavior at every turn (cooperation and punishment)

threats

expressed intentions to punish your partner if they do not comply with our requests/demands

warning

prediction that your partner will suffer if they don’t comply

deterrent

requests that they avoid doing something

compellent

requests that they take a specific action

coercive commitment

continued punishment which gives your partner control over both parties’ welfare

violence

behavior that is intended to physically injure another person or an object they value

problem-solving

any effort to identify a formula that will satisfy both sides’ goals and interests (compromise, integrative solution)

expanding the pie

strategies which increase available resources

nonspecific compensation

one partner gets what they want and the other is repaid with something unrelated to the issue

logrolling

mutual exchange by parties of concessions on low priorities and acquisition of high priorities

cost cutting

one side gets what it wants by reducing or eliminating the cost to the other

bridging

devising a new option that satisfies both parties’ most important underlying interests

relationship

a connection you establish when you communicate with another person

interpersonal relationship

perception shared by two people of an ongoing interdependent connection that results in the development of relational expectations and varies in intimacy and affection

interpersonal intimacy

the degree to which relational partners mutually confirm, value, and accept each other’s sense of self

affectionate communication

verbal messages, nonverbal cues, and supportive activities that convey love, fondness, or positive regard

relationships of circumstance

form simply because our lives overlap with others’ in some way (family, teachers, classmates, coworkers)

relationships of choice

relationships that we seek out and intentionally develop (friends, romantic partners, spouses, counselors)

complementary relationships

one partner usually dominates or makes most of the decisions

symmetrical relationship

both partners behave toward power in the same way, either both wanting power or both avoiding it

submissive symmetrical relationship

when neither partner wants to take control or make decisions

parallel relationships

involves a shifting back and forth or a balance between the partners

interpersonal attraction

the degree to which you want to 1) form or 2) maintain an interpersonal relationship

short-term initial attraction

degree to which you sense a potential for developing an interpersonal relationship

long-term maintenance attraction

the level of liking or positive feelings that motivate us to maintain or escalate a relationship

proximity

physical nearness to another that promotes communication and thus attraction

physical appearance

nonverbal cues that allow us to assess relationship potential

competence

the quality of being skilled, intelligent, charismatic, and credible

reciprocation of liking

liking those who like us

similarity

we like people whose personalities, values, upbringings, personal experiences, attitudes, and interests are similar to ours

complementary needs

needs that match; each partner contributes something to the relationship that the other partner needs