Chapter 13 brain and behavior

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34 Terms

1
Schizophrenia
Typically diagnosed in late adolescence
Characterized by mental fragmentation and associated mental conflicts
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2
positive symptoms
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
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Negative symptoms
Asociality (not engaging in social interactions),
blunting of affect (difficulty expressing emotions)
Anhedonia (reduced ability to experience pleasure)
Alogia (lack of speech and issues with verbal fluency)
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4
Cognitive symptoms
limitations of thought and reasoning (not central to diagnosis) = on average, slightly lower IQ, difficulty understanding and using abstract concepts,
some difficulty with executive functioning
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5
dopamine theory
schizophrenia results from excess dopamine activity
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acetylcholine theory
While ~20% of the general population smokes, 80% of schizophrenics smoke.
They also inhale more deeply.
The α 7-nicotinic receptor is 10 times less sensitive than other nicotinic receptors and would require the deeper breaths to activate
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Glutamate hypothesis
schizophrenia may also result from deficient activity of glutamate synapses, especially in PFC

In many brain areas, dopamine inhibits glutamate release or glutamate stimulates neurons that inhibit dopamine release

Schizophrenia is associated with lower release of glutamate and fewer than normal receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
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8
neuroanatomical candidates of schizophrenia
Larger lateral ventricles
Smaller temporal lobe
Smaller frontal lobes
Slightly smaller volume of thalamus
Significant loss of gray matter during adolescence
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9
chlorpromazine
drug that relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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10
tardive dyskinesia
movement disorder that causes a range of repetitive muscle movements in the face, neck, arms, and legs
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11
atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine is the most often prescribed.
Dopamine and serotonin antagonists
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12
cognitive remediation therapy
restoring cognitive and brain functioning through various types of cognitive exercises
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13
Major depression
Characterized by profound sadness, diminished pleasure, decreased motivation, cognitive slowing, lethargy, and suicide
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14
diathesis stress model
the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role
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monamine hypothesis
depression symptoms are caused by low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine at critical synaptic sites in the brain
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SSRI
block the reuptake of serotonin
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17
MAOI's
inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase
The enzyme metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms
Must avoid foods containing tyramine
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18
SNRI
serotonin norepinephrine reputake inhibitors
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tricyclic antidepressants
Blocks the reuptake of monoamine transmitters (seratonin and noepinephrine)
Side effects drowsiness, dry mouth, difficulty urinating,
heart irregularities, & other problems
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20
BDNF
key neurochemical in the onset of depression, low levels of it
BDNF facilitates new learning that builds new synapses and removes old ones
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21
nucelus accumbens
Core connecting with striatum & movement system
Shell connecting to emotional circuitry
Effort-based reward theory suggests an importance of established contingencies between effort and expected rewards in the maintenance of health and adaptive functioning
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22
PFC
Behaves abnormally in patients with depression
Associated with lack of concentration and other cognitive difficulties
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23
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Delivering electrical stimulation to anesthetized patients to induce seizures which alleviate or diminish depressive symptoms
For people with severe depression who don’t respond well to therapy or medication
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24
subcallosal cingulate gryus
key area contributing to profound sadness
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25
exercise and diet
leads to neurogenesis and increased nueroplasticity
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26
type one bipolar
involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression
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type 2
a milder form of mood elevation, involving milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with periods of severe depression.
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lithium
Drug of choice for bipolar
Increases presynaptic activity within the serotonergic system
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29
generalized anxiety disorder
Unrealistic, excessive, and long lasting worry, motor tension, restlessness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance
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30
panic disorder
Brief, recurrent, unexpected episodes of terror, fear of dying and losing control, derealization
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31
social anxiety
Aversion, fear, autonomic arousal in unfamiliar social settings
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specific phobia
aversion , fear, autonomic arousal in in specific situations
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33
OCD
Recurrent obsessions and compulsions that are persistent in nature, inappropriate or intrusive thoughts that cause anxiety
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34
PTSD
Following an extremely stressful event, recurrent episodes of fear often triggered by reminders of initial trauma
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