EXAM 4: Chapter 16 The Nervous System V: The General and Special Sense単語カード | Quizlet

visceral sensory neurons

neurons that monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes, and stretch in the visceral organs

peripheral sensory receptors

receptors that pick up (environmental changes) from inside and outside of the body, then initiate impulses in sensory axons

sensation

the sensory information arriving at the CNS

perception

a conscious awareness of a sensation

general senses

sensation of temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and body position

receptors throughout the body

these sensation arrive at the primary sensory cortex, or somatosensory cortex

special senses

sensations of smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision

specialized receptor cells that are structurally more complex than those of general senses

post central gyrus

exteroceptors

sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body

interoceptors

sensitive to stimuli from internal viscera

proprioceptors

body movements sensory information (body position)

Mechanoreceptors

respond to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, stretch and vibrations

tactile receptors

detect touch, pressure, and vibration

type of mechanoreceptors

baroreceptors

stretch receptors - detect pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and the walls of the digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts

type of mechanoreceptors

proprioceptors

muscle spindles that respond to the positions of the joints, the tensions in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction

Thermoceptors

response to temperature changes; also conduct sensations along the same pathways that carry pain sensation (more cold than hot)

chemoreceptors

respond to chemicals in solution and changes in blood chemistry (pH)

photoreceptors

sensitive to light

nociceptors

response to harmful stimuli (tissue damage) that result in pain

fast pain

pricking pain or cuts

slow pain

burning and aching pain

Free (naked) dendritic endings

respond chiefly to PAIN and TEMP

merkel disc (tactile disc) and root hair plexuses

Merkel disc (tactile disc)

slowly adapting receptor

an epithelial cell innervated by a dendrite

type of free (naked) dendritic endings

root hair plexuses

rapidly adapting receptor

receptors for light touch that monitor bending of hairs

type of free (naked) dendritic endings

Meissner's corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)

sensitive to fine, discriminative touch

Krause end bulbs

a type of meissner's corpuscle for fine touch

Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)

respond to deep pressure (vibrations)

Ruffini's corpuscles

respond to pressure and light touch

sensory neurons

spinothalamic tract

thalamus

visceral sensory cortex

What is a simplified description of most visceral sensory pathways to the brain?

sensory receptors

a specialized cell that sends a sensation to the CNS, when stimulated

receptor specificity

allows each receptor to respond to particular stimuli

receptive field

the area monitored by a single receptor cell

tonic receptors

constantly sending signals to the CNS

phasic receptors

become active only when the conditions (that they monitor) change

(hand on hot stove)

peripheral (or sensory) adaptation

involves changes in receptor sensitivity

central adaption

inhibition along the sensory pathways occur

PHASIC

fast adapting receptors are

TONIC

slow adapting receptors are

- we don't have receptors for every stimulus

- limited ranges of sensitivity of our receptors

- CNS interpretation of a stimulus is filtered and limited

Why are some reasons we have sensory limitations?

taste buds

contains gustatory cells that project taste hairs through a narrow taste pore

on the tongue - in fungiform and circumvallate papillae

VII, IX and X

What are the cranial nerves that sense taste by sending it to the medulla then thalamus, then to the sensory cerebral cortex?

olfactory cortex and limbic system

After receiving input from the olfactory receptor neurons, the mitral cells send the olfactory info through the olfactory tract to where?

anosmia

inability to smell

unicate fits

smell hallucinations

conjunctiva

epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye

mucus lubricates the eye surface

fibrous tunic

most external layer of eyeball

consists of the posterior sclera and the anterior cornea

sclera

dense, fibrous CT, protects the eye and gives it shape

white part

cornea

clear tissue through which light enters the eye

filled with pain receptors but no blood vessels

vascular tunic

middle, pigmented layer of eyeball

consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and the iris

choroid

provides nutrients (via blood vessels) to retina's photoreceptors and prevents the scattering of light within the eye

ciliary body

smooth ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lends and ciliary processes that secrete aqueous humor

iris

eye color, changes the size of pupil

pupil

opening through which light passes through the iris to the retina

neural (sensory) tunic

innermost layer of eyeball

contains the neural retina and the optic nerve

retina

consists of outer pigmented layer and an inner neural layer, which contains visual receptors and associated neurons

neural layer

contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) and other types of neurons

rods

black and white vision in dim light

cones

color vision in bright light

macula lutea (concentrated with cones) with its

fovea centralis (highest visual activity)

and

optic disc (blind spot)

two important spots on the posterior retinal wall are

biconvex lens

helps to focus light and focuses a visual image on the retinal receptors

optic nerve

optic chiasma

optic tract

to thalamus (projects to the primary visual cortex)

What is the visual pathway to the brain?

auricle, external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane

external ear gathers sound waves

What is part of the external ear and what is its function?

tympanic membrane

transmits sound vibrations to middle ear

tympanic cavity, auditory/Eustachian tube, and the ossicles

What is part of the middle ear?

M-I-S

malleus, incus, stapes

- help amplify sound

- span middle ear cavity

- transmit sound vibrations from eardrum to oval window

What are the ossicles and its functions?

inner ear

portion of ear that contains the sensory organs for perception of equilibrium (bony labyrinth) and hearing (membranous labryinth)

bony (osseous) labyrinth

semicircular canals, vestible and cochlea

membranous labryinth

semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule and cochlear duct

bony

Which ear labryinth contains perilymph?

membranous

Which ear labryinth contains endolymph?

motion sickness

brought on by particular movements, causes nausea and vomitting

meniere's syndrome

overstimulation of the hearing and equilibrium receptors

conduction deafness

results from interference with conduction of sound vibrations to internal ear

sensorineural deafness

damage to auditory receptor cells or neural pathways

inner ear

optic nerve

optic chiasma

optic tract

to thalamus

What is the visual pathway to the brain?

What is the visual pathway to the brain?

central adaption