Ôn tập 4 theories

Behaviorism

A theory in psychology that focuses on observable behavior and the influence of the environment on learning.

Cognitivism

A learning theory that focuses on internal mental processes and how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved.

Constructivism

An educational approach that emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding and knowledge.

Grammar-Translation Method

An approach to language teaching that emphasizes grammar and vocabulary through translation exercises.

Direct Method

An approach to language teaching that focuses on teaching vocabulary and grammar in the target language without using the native language.

Audio-Lingual Method

A method that emphasizes listening and speaking before reading and writing.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

An approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as a means of language learning.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

A language teaching method that allows students to respond to commands with physical movements.

Task-based Language Teaching

An approach that focuses on completing meaningful tasks in the target language.

PPP (Presentation-Practice-Production)

A teaching method that consists of three stages: presenting new language, practicing it, and producing it in context.

ESA (Engage-Study-Activate)

A teaching approach that involves engaging students, studying language features, and activating language use.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Chomsky's proposed innate mechanism in the brain that allows individuals to acquire language.

Stimulus-Response (S-R) formula

A formula used in behaviorism to explain the relationship between stimuli and behavioral responses.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to recur.

Universal Grammar

Chomsky's theory that suggests all humans have an innate understanding of the principles common to all languages.

Affective Filter hypothesis

The idea that emotional factors can create a barrier to language acquisition.

ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)

Vygotsky's concept of the range of tasks that a learner can perform with guidance but not independently.

Caretaker Talk

Simplified speech produced by adults when communicating with young children, designed to promote language acquisition.

Interaction Hypothesis

The idea that meaningful interaction improves language learning by helping learners negotiate meaning.

Scaffolding

Support provided by teachers to help students achieve higher levels of understanding and skill.

Maintenance of Fluency

The process of improving one's ability to communicate effectively in a second language.

Formal vs Informal Settings

Formal settings are structured environments like schools, while informal settings are everyday contexts for language use.

Grammar-Translation Method

Focuses on grammatical rules and vocabulary, often using translation from one language to another.

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs by observing the behavior of others.

Innate Ability for Language Processing

Chomsky's argument that humans possess an inborn capacity for language acquisition.

Mental Construct

Knowledge formed by cognitive processes that represent ideas or concepts.

Motivation in Language Learning

The reasons or goals that drive individuals to learn a new language.

Feedback in Language Learning

Information given to learners about their performance which helps improve their skills.

Environmental Influences on Behavior

Factors in a learner's surrounding that affect their learning behaviors and outcomes.

Structured Learning

Learning that occurs in an organized, methodical manner, often found in formal settings.

Natural Language Acquisition

Acquiring language skills through real-life communication experiences rather than through formal study.

Role of the Teacher

In constructivism, the teacher acts as a facilitator aiding in the construction of knowledge rather than simply transmitting information.

Behavior Modification

The use of techniques to change behavior, often based on principles of conditioning.

Progressive Learning

An educational approach that focuses on continuous improvement and development in the learning process.

Cross-cultural Capability

The ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from different cultures.