ap euro unit 4 philosophers

Copernicus

Heliocentrism, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

Galileo

Telescope, proved evidence of heliocentric theory, retracts support for Copernicus after threat

Newton

Law of Gravitation, Principia, Universal gravitation is Galileo inertia + Kepler planet motion + his concept of gravity

Descartes

Deductive reasoning, skepticism, rationalism, doubt authority, I think, therefore, I am

Bacon

Formalized empirical, experimental research, observation, organize, hypothesis, inductive reasoning

Pascal

Science and religion united, Humans are misled by reason and their emotions, sided with faith, erroneous belief in God is a safer bet

Locke

Social contract, natural rights, people born w/blank slate, ideas come from experience, reason, Two Treatises of Civil Government

Montesquieu

Separation of powers, praised Eng. Constitutionalism, applied natural laws to governmental studies,

Voltaire

The “Evil Thing” (organized religion, praised Eng. constitutionalism, freedom of expression/religious tolerance, Prince of the Philosophes

Adam Smith

Abolish regulation and tariffs, impose free market/laissez-faire, resources are limited, Invisible hand — society is progressing to final stage of economic development, The Wealth of Nations

Rousseau

“Natural education” should replace rigid schooling, draw their own conclusions, individuals entered contract w/one another, individual freedom, women excluded from public life

Diderot

Encyclopedia, everything must be examined and debated w/o respect for anyone's feelings

Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, equality of women with men based on human reason, if women had same opportunities, they’d be equal